Module
8: Spine & Spinal Cord Injuries
Segment 5: Assessment, Spinal Shock & Neurogenic Shock
References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.
Topic: Assessment of the SCI patient
- Chaisawasthomrong C, Boongird A. Predictive factors affecting the need for mechanical ventilation in acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2025;42(23-24):2178-2190. doi: 10.1089/neu.2025.0006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40560002/.
- Kirshblum S, Eren F. Anal reflex versus bulbocavernosus reflex in evaluation of patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6:2. doi: 10.1038/s41394-019-0251-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31934354/.
- Rider LS ME. Cauda equina and conus medullaris syndromes. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537200/.
Topic: Spinal shock
- Srivastava RN. Spinal shock in spinal cord injuries—Is duration of shock related to neurological level? Paper #63. Spine J Meeting Abstracts. 2009;10:98. doi: https://journals.lww.com/spinejournalabstracts/Fulltext/2009/10003/Spinal_Shock_in_Spinal_Cord_Injuries___Is_Duration.63.aspx.
- Ziu E, Mesfin FB. Spinal shock. StatPearls. National Library of Medicine; 2024:chap September 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448163/.
Topic: Neurogenic shock
- Guly HR, Bouamra O, Lecky FE. The incidence of neurogenic shock in patients with isolated spinal cord injury in the emergency department. Resuscitation. 2008;76(1):57-62. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.06.008 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17688997/.
- Johnston DT, Grau JW. Autonomic dysfunction and hemodynamic management after acute spinal cord injury: blood pressure targets, perfusion strategies, and emerging therapies. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1716013. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1716013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41567537/.
- Kwon BK, Tetreault LA, Martin AR, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: Recommendations on hemodynamic management. Global Spine J. 2024;14(3_suppl):187s-211s. doi: 10.1177/21925682231202348 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38526923/.
- LaRiccia A, Doris S, Shah B, et al. Does mean arterial pressure augmentation improve neurological recovery of blunt spinal cord injuries: an EAST multicenter trial. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(3):e001768. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2025-001768 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40831772/.
- Moscote-Salazar LR. Pathophysiological mechanisms of neurogenic shock. Indian Neurotrauma. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; 2025. April 21, 2025. doi:10.1055/s-0045-1808077 Accessed 4/29/2025. https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0045-1808077
- Nalliah S, Beltran M, Mulihano A, et al. Neuroanatomy of neurogenic shock. Indian Neurotrauma. 2025;(EFirst) doi: 10.1055/s-0045-1811547 http://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0045-1811547.
- Sajdeya R, Yanez ND, Kampp M, et al. Early blood pressure targets in acute spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(9):e2525364-e2525364. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.25364 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40965887/.
- Tanvir A, Rizk AA, Wang W, et al. Effect of blood pressure threshold on adverse outcomes in patients with acute spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):308. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05531-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671034/.
- Wieruszewski PM, Khanna AK. Vasopressor choice and timing in vasodilatory shock. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):76. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-03911-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35337346/.
- Yue JK, Tsolinas RE, Burke JF, et al. Vasopressor support in managing acute spinal cord injury: Current knowledge. J Neurosurg Sci. 2019;63(3):308-317. doi: 10.23736/s0390-5616.17.04003-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28252264/.