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Module 6: Musculoskeletal Injuries

Segment 8: General Trauma Inpatient Concerns

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: General trauma inpatient care concerns

  • Altunbaş E, Kudu E, Unal E, et al. Femoral nerve block vs IV fentanyl for hip fracture pain in the emergency department: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2026;99:359-364. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2025.10.044 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41167010/.
  • Appelbaum RD, Farrell MS, Gelbard RB, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in injury: An American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2024;9(1):e001304. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001304 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835634/.
  • Armbruster J, Thomas B, Stengel D, et al. Managing nonunions and fracture-related infections—A quarter century of knowledge, and still curious: A narrative review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(21) doi: 10.3390/jcm14217767 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41227163/.
  • Baumann AN, Trager RJ, Yazdanpanah S, et al. Is postoperative ketorolac administration associated with nonunion in adults after proximal humerus open reduction and internal fixation? a propensity-matched retrospective cohort study. Injury. 2025;56(11) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112693 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40876112/.
  • Boehm LM, Mart MF, LaNoue M, et al. Association between ABCDE bundle compliance and long-term outcomes: a secondary longitudinal analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52(3):466-475. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08346-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41739187/.
  • Brown AN, Reed CD, Prescott MC, et al. Randomized controlled study in the use of aromatherapy for pain reduction and to reduce opioid use in the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs. 2023;49(6):890-898. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2023.07.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37656114/.
  • Celik B, Bilik Ö. Postoperative constipation incidence and effects of selected risk factors on constipation development in elderly patients with hip fracture. Orthop Nurs. 2022;41(6):397-405. doi: 10.1097/nor.0000000000000896 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36413664/.
  • Coccolini F, Sartelli M, Sawyer R, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in trauma: Global Alliance for Infection in Surgery, Surgical Infection Society Europe, World Surgical Infection Society, American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, and World Society of Emergency Surgery guidelines. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(4):674-682. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004233 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38108632/.
  • Dalla Vestra M, Grolla E, Bonanni L, et al. Are too many inferior vena cava filters used? Controversial evidences in different clinical settings: a narrative review. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(2):145-154. doi: 10.1007/s11739-016-1575-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27873159/.
  • Daykin H. The efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for analgesia in the older adult: a literature review. Br J Pain. 2017;11(1):23-31. doi: 10.1177/2049463716676205 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28386401/.
  • Di Pietro S, Maffeis R, Jannelli E, et al. Comparing the pericapsular nerve group block and fascia iliaca block for acute pain management in patients with hip fracture: a randomised clinical trial. Anaesthesia. 2025;80(12):1484-1492. doi: 10.1111/anae.16695 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40727959/.
  • Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. Prescribing opioids for pain—The new CDC Clinical Practice Guideline. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(22):2011-2013. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2211040 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36326116/.
  • Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022;71(3):1-95. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36327391/.
  • Dowsing J, Price J, Hibberd O, et al. The effectiveness of inhaled methoxyflurane compared to procedural sedation for the reduction of acute traumatic limb injuries – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma. 2025;0(0):14604086241309051. doi: 10.1177/14604086241309051 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086241309051.
  • Eipe N, Gupta S, Penning J. Intravenous lidocaine for acute pain: an evidence-based clinical update. BJA Educ. 2016;16(9):292-298. doi: 10.1093/bjaed/mkw008 https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/16/9/292/1743710.
  • Evans SL, Olney WJ, Bernard AC, et al. Optimal strategies for assessing and managing pain, agitation, and delirium in the critically ill surgical patient: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(1):166-177. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004154 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822025/.
  • Farahmand S, Hamrah H, Arbab M, et al. Pain management of acute limb trauma patients with intravenous lidocaine in emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.027 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29254669/.
  • Fitzpatrick BM, Mullins ME. Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2016;3(2):105-108. doi: 10.15441/ceem.15.103 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27752626/.
  • Gubara K, Gordy D, Echeverria N, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis protocol for gunshot wound-related open fractures: A single-center retrospective analysis. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113361 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42217456/.
  • Huang K-T, Tsai H-I, Kao S-C. Supra-inguinal fascia iliaca block versus peri-capsular nerve group (PNEG) block for pain management in patients with hip fracture: A double-blind randomised comparative trial. Injury. 2024;55(12) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111936 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39405739/.
  • Jibril F, Sharaby S, Mohamed A, et al. Intravenous versus oral acetaminophen for pain: Systematic review of current evidence to support clinical decision-making. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2015;68(3):238-47. doi: 10.4212/cjhp.v68i3.1458 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26157186/.
  • Kahler D, DeWitte N, Thompson M, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics in gunshot fractures with concomitant bowel injury to prevent fracture-related infections and other infectious complications. Injury. 2025;56(6):112304. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112304 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40279804/.
  • Kırıcı D, Oral SE. The effect of the timing of cold application on pain and satisfaction in patients with fractures. Orthop Nurs. 2024;43(2):67-74. doi: 10.1097/nor.0000000000001004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38207284/.
  • Knudson MM, Moore EE, Kornblith LZ, et al. Challenging traditional paradigms in posttraumatic pulmonary thromboembolism. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(2):e216356-e216356. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.6356 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34910098/.
  • Krakau RB, Hamilton ND, Dastrup AS, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing open fracture-related infections: A scoping review. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113415 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42250466/.
  • Krakau RB, Hamilton ND, Dastrup AS, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing open fracture related infections - A scoping review. Injury. 2026;57(8):113415. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113415 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42250466/.
  • Lee JS, Chenkin J, Simard R, et al. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia by emergency physicians for hip fractures and delirium: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(12):e2549337. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.49337 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41396601/.
  • Liersch KM, Gumm KM, Read DJ. Prevalence and risk factors of constipation in trauma patients: A prospective cohort study. J Trauma Nurs. 2024;31(3):164-170. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000790 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38742725/.
  • Lundén AR, Tarkkila P. An ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block with continuous local anaesthetic infusion and epidural analgesia for rib fracture pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2024;68(3):394-401. doi: 10.1111/aas.14355 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37934716/.
  • Lyden A, Neu R. Pain management for patients with opioid use disorders. Orthop Nurs. 2025;44(1):42-51. doi: 10.1097/nor.0000000000001090 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39898680/.
  • Mart MF, Pun BT, Pandharipande P, et al. ICU survivorship—The relationship of delirium, sedation, dementia, and acquired weakness. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(8):1227-1240. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005125 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115639/.
  • Martinet C, Galant J, Cazes N. Intranasal ketamine in controlling pain caused by bone fractures: Can we go? Injury. 2025:112766. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112766 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40992972/.
  • Masic D, Liang E, Long C, et al. Intravenous lidocaine for acute pain: A systematic review. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(12):1250-1259. doi: 10.1002/phar.2189 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30303542/.
  • McMullan JT, Droege CA, Chard KM, et al. Out-of-hospital intranasal ketamine as an adjunct to fentanyl for the treatment of acute traumatic pain: A randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2024;84(4):363-373. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.04.018 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38864781/.
  • Mohanty CR, Varghese JJ, Panda R, et al. Ultrasound-guided selective peripheral nerve block compared with the sub-dissociative dose of ketamine for analgesia in patients with extremity injuries. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;63:94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.10.020 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36332503/.
  • Murk W, Gartenberg A, Maik J, et al. Pericapsular nerve group block-augmented analgesia vs conventional opioid analgesia for hip fracture patients in the emergency department: A comparative effectiveness study. J Emerg Med. 2025;79:232-245. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.08.019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41138560/.
  • Murphy PB, Kasotakis G, Haut ER, et al. Efficacy and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of acute pain after orthopedic trauma: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Orthopedic Trauma Association. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2023;8(1):e001056. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2022-001056 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36844371/.
  • O’Neill K, Boyle J, Haynes L, et al. Improving the rate of use of fascia iliaca compartment blocks in patients presenting with hip fractures. CJEM. 2026;28(1):27-33. doi: 10.1007/s43678-025-00990-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40826210/.
  • Obremskey WT, O’Toole RV, Morshed S, et al. Oral vs intravenous antibiotics for fracture-related infections: The POvIV randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2025;160(3):276-284. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.6439 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39841468/.
  • Services USDoHaH. Pain management best practices inter-agency task force report. 2019:116. May 2019. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pmtf-final-report-2019-05-23.pdf.
  • Snapp C, Byrd B, Porter M. Reduction of postoperative delirium and opioid use in hip fracture patients through utilization of emergency department physician administered regional nerve blocks. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2024;15:21514593241228073. doi: 10.1177/21514593241228073 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38250320/.
  • Stagg K. Intravenous versus oral paracetamol for postoperative analgesia: A systematic review. J Perioper Pract. 2021;31(10):373-378. doi: 10.1177/1750458920950652 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33345698/.
  • Vijayan B, Ayyan SM, Palaniappan P, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided PENG block for acute pain relief in adult hip fracture patients: A double-blind randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2025;doi: 10.1111/acem.70206 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41387636/.
  • Webb RJ, Shelton CP. The benefits of authorized agent controlled analgesia (AACA) to control pain and other symptoms at the end of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;50(3):371-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.03.015 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25962563/.
  • Zavvar M, Pouraghaei M, Safiri S, et al. Efficacy of intranasal ketamine in controlling pain caused by bone fractures: A single-center double blind randomized controlled trial. Injury. 2025;56(6):112328. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112328 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40253928/.

Topic: Venous thromboembolism

  • Bassa B, Little E, Ryan D, et al. VTE rates and risk factors in major trauma patients. Injury. 2024;55(12) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111964 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39481253/.
  • Becattini C, Agnelli G, Maggioni AP, et al. Contemporary management and clinical course of acute pulmonary embolism: The COPE study. Thromb Haemost. 2023;123(6):613-626. doi: 10.1055/a-2031-3859 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36758612/.
  • Berndtson AE, Cross A, Yorkgitis BK, et al. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma/American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma clinical protocol for postdischarge venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(6):980-985. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004307 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38523134/.
  • Borbas BZ, Whitfield P, King N. The safety of early pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with traumatic intracranial haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Neurosurg. 2024:1-11. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2024.2339357 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38688329/.
  • Chang CY, Hsu CP, Cheng CT, et al. Retrospective cohort analysis of low-molecular-weight heparin versus non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis across racial groups in hospitalized trauma patients. Int J Surg. 2026;112(2):4111-4119. doi: 10.1097/js9.0000000000003882 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41208612/.
  • Coimbra R. Venous thromboembolism in trauma: Current trends and recent advancements in prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;94(3):359-360. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003876 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36563006/.
  • Cook AD, Gross BW, Osler TM, et al. Vena cava filter use in trauma and rates of pulmonary embolism, 2003-2015. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):724-732. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1018 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28492861/.
  • Creager MA, Barnes GD, Giri J, et al. 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN guideline for the evaluation and management of acute pulmonary embolism in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2026;153(12):e977-e1051. doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001415 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41712677/.
  • Erstad BL, Barletta JF. Pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in obese trauma patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2023;80(5):258-266. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac353 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36445848/.
  • Falster C, Egholm G, Lambrechtsen J, et al. Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism: a comparison of international guideline recommendations. J Thromb Haemost. 2026;24(3):817-836. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2025.11.021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41407155/.
  • Gangavaram A, Mahatme RJ, Gerak SK, et al. Aspirin versus enoxaparin for postdischarge venous thromboembolism prophylaxis following orthopedic trauma surgery: An ongoing debate. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005124 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42497355/.
  • Girardot K, Powers J, Morgan L, et al. Evaluation of a novel mechanical venous thromboembolism compression device in trauma patients: A pilot study. J Trauma Nurs. 2024;31(2):97-103. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000779 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38484165/.
  • Hart JP, Davies MG. IVC filters in integrated acute pulmonary embolism management: A narrative review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(19) doi: 10.3390/jcm14196810 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41095892/.
  • Haut ER, Owodunni OP, Shaffer DL, et al. Implementing a patient-centered education bundle to improve venous thromboembolism prevention. JAMA Surg. 2025;160(12):1326-1332. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2025.4136 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060638/.
  • Haykal T, Zayed Y, Dhillon H, et al. Meta-analysis of the role of intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower limbs to prevent venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2022;21(1):31-40. doi: 10.1177/1534734620925391 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32527203/.
  • Himmler A, Preston JD, Guindi A, et al. Venous thromboembolism burden in IVC injuries: Is there an optimal strategy in prevention? Injury. 2026;57(9) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113285.
  • Holstein RA, Meyer CH, Herrmann O, et al. Incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures. J Surg Res. 2026;319:47-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2026.01.008 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41650792/.
  • Janssens U. Intensive care treatment of pulmonary embolism: An update based on the revised AWMF S2k guideline. Hamostaseologie. 2024;44(2):119-127. doi: 10.1055/a-2237-7428 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38499185/.
  • Kakkos S, Kirkilesis G, Caprini JA, et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;(1) doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005258.pub4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35089599/.
  • Kerwin AJ, Lombardo S, Haut ER, et al. Variability of prophylactic inferior vena cava filter use in young trauma patients: Analysis of the Consortium of Leaders in the Study of Traumatic Thromboembolism database. J Am Coll Surg. 2025;241(4):601-609. doi: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000001417 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40293334/.
  • Knowlton LM, Sauaia A, Moore EE, et al. Does preperitoneal packing increase venous thromboembolim risk among trauma patients? A prospective multicenter analysis across 17 level I trauma centers. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):791-798. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004416 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39058389/.
  • Le Gal G, Robert-Ebadi H, Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, et al. Age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff levels to rule out deep vein thrombosis. JAMA. 2026;335(5):416-424. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.21561 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41490105/.
  • Ley EJ, Brown CVR, Moore EE, et al. Updated guidelines to reduce venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: A Western Trauma Association critical decisions algorithm. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(5):971-981. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002830 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32590563/.
  • Lippincott M, Berndtson AE. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in trauma: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(4):532-541. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004871 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41417654/.
  • Lookstein RA, Konstantinides SV, Weinberg I, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mechanical thrombectomy with anticoagulation versus anticoagulation alone for acute intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism: Primary outcomes from the STORM-PE trial. Circulation. 2026;153(1):21-34. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.125.077232 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41183181/.
  • Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC). Aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis after a fracture. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(3):203-213. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2205973 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36652352/.
  • Martinez Licha CR, McCurdy CM, Maldonado SM, et al. Current management of acute pulmonary embolism. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;26(2):65-71. doi: 10.5761/atcs.ra.19-00158 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31588070/.
  • McKinzie BP, Ebert N, Williams FN, et al. Increased prophylactic enoxaparin dosing is associated with improved achievement of target anti-Xa levels: Implementation of the Western Trauma Association venous thromboembolism guidelines. J Surg Res. 2026;318:300-305. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2025.12.032 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41576785/.
  • Mitchell TL, Duvall NM, Martin CW. Sequential compression device compliance for venous thromboembolism in high-risk trauma: A quality improvement study. J Trauma Nurs. 2024;31(1):34-39. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000768 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38193490/.
  • Mittal MM, Acevedo KV, Hosseinzadeh P. Risk of venous thromboembolism in pediatric patients with surgically treated lower-extremity fractures: A propensity-matched cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025;107(11):1171-1179. doi: 10.2106/jbjs.24.00810 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40245162/. PEDS
  • Moore K, Barton CA, Wang Y, et al. Early initiation of thromboembolic prophylaxis in critically ill trauma patients with high-grade blunt liver and splenic lacerations is not associated with increased rates of failure of non-operative management. Trauma. 2022;0(0):14604086211046099. doi: 10.1177/14604086211046099 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14604086211046099.
  • Mullens CL, Cain-Nielsen AH, Levy SC, et al. Hospital-Level Variation in IVC Filter Insertion in Trauma Patients: An Opportunity for a National Appropriateness Quality Improvement Initiative. Ann Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000007118 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42307082/.
  • Nasef H, Espat NN, Chin B, et al. Early versus late venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Impact on outcomes of blunt solid abdominal organ injuries. J Trauma Nurs. 2025;doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000883 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41092083/.
  • Patel PP, McCarthy PM, Martin MJ. Adverse outcomes with early venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in neurosurgical trauma patients—Are we crossing the blood-brain barrier? JAMA Surg. 2022;157(3):e215766-e215766. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.5766 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34910100/
  • Rafieezadeh A, Prabhakaran K, Jose A, et al. Early versus late venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with severe blunt solid organ injury. Injury. 2025;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112524 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40544037/.
  • Ratnasekera A, Harris M, Caplan R, et al. Battling the conundrum of bleeding and clotting: Initiation of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury after neurosurgical intervention. J Am Coll Surg. 2026;242(2):401-413. doi: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000001611 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40888494/.
  • Ratnasekera AM, Seng SS, Kim D, et al. Propensity weighted analysis of chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis agents in isolated severe traumatic brain injury: An EAST sponsored multicenter study. Injury. 2024;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111523 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614835/.
  • Rosenfield K, Klok FA, Piazza G, et al. Ultrasound-facilitated, catheter-directed fibrinolysis for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2026;394(20):1979-1990. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2516567 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41910345/.
  • Roussel M, Bannelier H, Lebal S, et al. D-Dimer thresholds for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism based on a single question: is it the most likely diagnosis? A prospective, multicentre, open-label, single-arm interventional study. Lancet Respir Med. 2026;14(1):29-37. doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(25)00292-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41135553/.
  • Sanchez C, Nguyen J, Baroutjian A, et al. Venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis in trauma and emergency general surgery patients: A systematic review. J Trauma Nurs. 2021;28(5):323-331. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000606 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34491950/.
  • Schellenberg M, Owattanapanich N, Emigh B, et al. When is it safe to start venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after blunt solid organ injury? A prospective American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(2):209-215. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004163 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37872669/.
  • Siddiqui T, Asim M, Ahmed K, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for early versus late pulmonary embolism in trauma patients: A retrospective, observational study. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:7867-7878. doi: 10.2147/ijgm.S387880 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36304673/.
  • Srinivas DA, Ng DN, Clements PW, et al. A retrospective case control study of the impact of a dedicated service to increase retrieval rates of IVC filters in a Level 1 Trauma centre. Injury. 2025;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112623 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40738827/.
  • Stegall A, Watson JT, Israel H. Assessing the impact of perioperative anticoagulant continuation on DVT/PE rates in trauma patients. Injury. 2025;56(2) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112143 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39798393/.
  • Tapson VF, Hazelton JP, Myers J, et al. Evaluation of a device combining an inferior vena cava filter and a central venous catheter for preventing pulmonary embolism among critically ill trauma patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;28(9):1248-1254. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.05.001 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642012/.
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