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Module 6: Musculoskeletal Injuries

Segment 1: Crush Injuries & Small Trauma Hospitals

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Crush injuries

  • Asuncion AAL, Madrid AP, Juico J, et al. Under pressure: a case of compartment syndrome secondary to crushing injury utilizing Whitesides’s apparatus. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(2):e001702. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2024-001702 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40385321/.
  • Bosson N, Abo BN, Litchfield TD, et al. Prehospital trauma compendium: Management of the entrapped patient—A position statement and resource document of NAEMSP. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024:1-13. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2024.2413876 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39387678/.
  • Jessen MK, Andersen LW, Djakow J, et al. Pharmacological interventions for the acute treatment of hyperkalaemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2025;208:110489. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110489 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39761907/.
  • Jica RCI, Shahid S, Zberea D, et al. St Andrew’s ambulatory care strategy for animal & human bite injuries & localised infections. Injury. 2025;56(2) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.112019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39721182/.
  • Koch EJ, Russo RM, Medby C, et al. From application to conversion: The development of a tourniquet reassessment algorithm for nonmedical military personnel by a North Atlantic Treaty Organization specialist team. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;99(3S Suppl 1):S114-s120. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004715 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40622167/.
  • Koyuncu S, Sipahioglu H, Bol O, et al. The evaluation of different treatment approaches in patients with earthquake-related crush syndrome. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e47194. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47194 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37854473/.
  • Long B, Liang SY, Gottlieb M. Crush injury and syndrome: A review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;69:180-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.029 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37163784/.
  • Song H, Liang G, Wang F. PANoptosis: a new insight into the mechanism of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Burns Trauma. 2025;13:tkaf026. doi: 10.1093/burnst/tkaf026 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40625798/.
  • Usuda D, Shimozawa S, Takami H, et al. Crush syndrome: A review for prehospital providers and emergency clinicians. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):584. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04416-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37653520/.

Topic: Soft tissue trauma

  • Berg G, Nyberg S, Harrison P, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of sacral tissue oxygen saturation in healthy volunteers immobilized on rigid spine boards. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(4):419-24. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2010.493988 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20662677/.
  • Bisgaard EK, Bulger EM. Current diagnosis and management of necrotizing soft tissue infections: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):678-686. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004351 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38689406/.
  • Bohne WJ, Steele CA, Fadell SC, et al. Low energy musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries reported in the united states national electronic injury surveillance system (NEISS), 2003-2023. Injury. 2025;57(2):112914. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112914 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41344102/.
  • Dubois B, Esculier JF. Soft-tissue injuries simply need PEACE and LOVE. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(2):72-73. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101253 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31377722/.
  • LeBlanc K, Campbell KE, Wood E, et al. Best practice recommendations for prevention and management of skin tears in aged skin: An overview. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2018;45(6):540-542. doi: 10.1097/won.0000000000000481 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30395131/.
  • Takahara S, Oe K, Fujita H, et al. Missed massive Morel-Lavallee lesion. Case Rep Orthop. 2014;2014:920317. doi: 10.1155/2014/920317 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24800092/.

Topic: The crucial role of small trauma facilities

  • Bardes JM, Grabo DJ, LaRiccia A, et al. A multicenter evaluation on the impact of non-therapeutic transfer in rural trauma. Injury. 2023;54(1):238-242. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.07.045 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35931578/.
  • Li W, Beckett A, Ditkofsky N, et al. Who is at risk of clinical deterioration? Adverse events among trauma patients undergoing intra-hospital transport for emergent computerized tomography. Trauma. 2024;26(3):265-273. doi: 10.1177/14604086231190802 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086231190802.

Topic: MS injury prevalence, missed injuries

  • Fitschen-Oestern S, Lippross S, Lefering R, et al. Missed foot fractures in multiple trauma patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):121. doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2501-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30909889/.
  • Thompson E, Sofo S, Tomchuk D, et al. Demographic trends of school-based musculoskeletal injuries between 2019 and 2023: An epidemiological and risk analysis. Injury. 2026;57(2):112929. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112929 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41370958/.
  • Vieira LF, Grover A, Parreira JG, et al. Missed injuries in trauma care: An analysis of mechanisms and prevention of one of the surgeon’s worst nightmares. Injury. 2025;56(8):112600. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112600 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40690819/.
  • Yeo U, Kim Y, Kim M, et al. Factors contributing to missed injuries in patients with trauma: Polytrauma and night-time presentation at the trauma resuscitation unit. Injury. 2026;57(1):112814. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112814 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41139552/.