Skip to Content

Module 3: The Body's Response to Injury

Segment 3: The Body’s Shock Responses

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Shock compensatory mechanisms

  • Bortolotti P, Faure E, Kipnis E. Inflammasomes in tissue damage and immune disorders after trauma. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1900. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01900 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166988/.
  • Bunch CM, Chang E, Moore EE, et al. SHock-INduced Endotheliopathy (SHINE): A mechanistic justification for viscoelastography-guided resuscitation of traumatic and non-traumatic shock. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1094845. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1094845 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36923287/.
  • D’Acierno M, Fenton RA, Hoorn EJ. The biology of water homeostasis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024;doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfae235 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435642/.
  • Eichinger M, Schreiber MA, Cole E, et al. Injuries associated with hypotension after trauma: Is it always haemorrhage? Trauma. 2022;25(4):316-323. doi: 10.1177/14604086221099422 https://doi.org/10.1177/14604086221099422.
  • Pape HC, Moore EE, McKinley T, et al. Pathophysiology in patients with polytrauma. Injury. 2022;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.04.009 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35577600/.
  • Riccardi J, Robles AJ, Ross JT, et al. Traumatic inflammatory-coagulation coactivation occurs early after injury and impacts mortality. Crit Care Med. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000007224 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42206924/.
  • Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE. Postinjury inflammation and organ dysfunction. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(1):167-191. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27894496/.
  • Schmitz SJ, Callaway CW, Guyette FX, et al. Association between early prehospital photoplethysmography waveform features and subsequent hemodynamic changes in trauma patients. Shock. 2026;65(5):838-846. doi: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002761 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670951/.
  • Villani ER, Franza L, Cianci R. Delirium in head trauma: looking for a culprit. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2022;doi: 10.2174/1574887117666220811090608 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35959617/.
  • Werner M, Joulia H, Pussard E, et al. Hormonal response following hemorrhage after severe trauma: an observational prospective study. Crit Care. 2025;30(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05782-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41345952/.
  • Yang Z, Jia Z. Neuroendocrine responses to hemorrhagic shock in severe trauma: unraveling controversies and therapeutic implications. Crit Care. 2026;30(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s13054-026-05887-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41689139/.

Topic: Tissue oxygenation cascade

  • Arleth T, Baekgaard J, Rosenkrantz O, et al. Clinicians’ attitudes towards supplemental oxygen for trauma patients – A survey. Injury. 2024:111929. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111929 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39379198/.