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Module 5: Abdominal Injuries

Segment 9: Post-Resuscitation Hypovolemia

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Post-resuscitation hypovolemia

  • Bardes JM, Inaba K, Schellenberg M, et al. The contemporary timing of trauma deaths. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;84(6):893-899. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001882 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29521807/.
  • McNeil-Masuka J, Boyer. TJ. Insensible fluid loss. StatPearls. National Institute of Health (NIH); 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544219/.
  • Sharif S, Flindall H, Basmaji J, et al. Critical care ultrasonography for volume management: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Explor. 2025;7(5):e1261. doi: 10.1097/cce.0000000000001261 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40366291/.

Topic: Feeding & the gut

  • Abedi F, Zarei B, Elyasi S. Albumin: a comprehensive review and practical guideline for clinical use. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2024;doi: 10.1007/s00228-024-03664-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38607390/.
  • Adelman MW, Woodworth MH, Langelier C, et al. The gut microbiome’s role in the development, maintenance, and outcomes of sepsis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):278. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02989-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32487252/.
  • Al-Zubeidi D, Davis MB, Rahhal R. Prevention of complications for hospitalized patients receiving parenteral nutrition: A narrative review. Nutr Clin Pract. 2024;39(5):1037-1053. doi: 10.1002/ncp.11201 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39152093/.
  • Barrick CG, Stewart MW, Palokas M. Enteral nutrition for intubated adults in the intensive care unit prior to general anesthesia: a scoping review. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18(8):1701-1723. doi: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00123 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898363/.
  • Berger MM, Pichard C. When is parenteral nutrition indicated? J Intensive Med. 2022;2(1):22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jointm.2021.11.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36789227/.
  • Burmeister DM, Johnson TR, Lai Z, et al. The gut microbiome distinguishes mortality in trauma patients upon admission to the emergency department. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(5) doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002612 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32039976/.
  • Chen F, Chu C, Wang X, et al. Tranexamic acid is associated with improved intestinal barrier function in traumatic hemorrhagic shock: A clinical prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):353. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05605-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40796867/.
  • Choron RL, Rallo M, Piplani C, et al. The impact of post-operative enteral nutrition on duodenal injury outcomes: A post hoc analysis of an EAST multicenter trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004303 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38745354/.
  • Compher C, Bingham AL, McCall M, et al. Guidelines for the provision of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(1):12-41. doi: 10.1002/jpen.2267 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34784064/.
  • Corriero A, Gadaleta RM, Puntillo F, et al. The central role of the gut in intensive care. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):379. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04259-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476497/.
  • Crisafi C, Grant MC, Rea A, et al. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Cardiac Society turnkey order set for surgical-site infection prevention: Proceedings from the American Association for Thoracic Surgery ERAS Conclave 2023. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2024;168(5):1500-1509. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.03.027 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38574802/.
  • Davies C, Johansson L, Brett SJ, et al. Enteral nutrition delivery in patients admitted to a critical care unit following major trauma: Who’s at risk and what’s the impact? J Intensive Care Soc. 2025;0(0):17511437251349679. doi: 10.1177/17511437251349679 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17511437251349679.
  • de Man AME, Gunst J, Reintam Blaser A. Nutrition in the intensive care unit: from the acute phase to beyond. Intensive Care Med. 2024;doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07458-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38771368/.
  • de Man AME, Stoppe C, Koekkoek K, et al. What do we know about micronutrients in critically ill patients? A narrative review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2025;49(1):33-58. doi: 10.1002/jpen.2700 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39555865/.
  • Dickerson RN, Andromalos L, Brown JC, et al. Obesity and critical care nutrition: current practice gaps and directions for future research. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):283. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04148-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127715/.
  • Esmadi M, Ahmad D, Hewlett A. Efficacy of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation: A meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2019;28(1):41-46. doi: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.281.any https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30851171/.
  • Farrell MS, Bongiovanni T, Cuschieri J, et al. Geriatric nutrition in the surgical patient: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care and Geriatric Trauma Committees clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(1):e001602. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2024-001602 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39906299/.
  • Gao X, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al. Effect of early vs late supplemental parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(5):384-393. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.0269 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35293973/.
  • Gramlich L, Guenter P. Enteral nutrition in hospitalized adults. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(15):1518-1530. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2406954 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40239069/.
  • Gunst J, Egi M, Van den Berghe G. Nutrition and metabolic control for ICU patients. Intensive Care Med. 2025;doi: 10.1007/s00134-025-07937-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40387886/.
  • Hartwell JL, Evans DC, Martin MJ. Nutritional support for the trauma and emergency general surgery patient: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(6):855-864. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004283 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38409684/.
  • Heffernan AJ, Talekar C, Henain M, et al. Comparison of continuous versus intermittent enteral feeding in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):325. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04140-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36284334/.
  • Heyland DK, Patel J, Compher C, et al. The effect of higher protein dosing in critically ill patients with high nutritional risk (EFFORT Protein): an international, multicentre, pragmatic, registry-based randomised trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10376):568-576. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02469-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708732/.
  • Klingensmith NJ, Coopersmith CM. The gut as the motor of multiple organ dysfunction in critical illness. Crit Care Clin. 2016;32(2):203-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2015.11.004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27016162/.
  • Lynch SN, Craig M, Michael G, et al. Risk under pressure: Gastrointestinal bleeding in critically injured trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2026;242(2):416-421. doi: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000001623 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40923636/.
  • Munley JA, Kelly LS, Pons EE, et al. Multicompartmental traumatic injury and the microbiome: Shift to a pathobiome. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;94(1):15-22. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003803 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36203239/.
  • Nguyen C, Singh G, Rubio K, et al. Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill adult: A narrative review. J Intensive Care Med. 2024:8850666241246748. doi: 10.1177/08850666241246748 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38602149/.
  • O’Keefe GE, Brown SP, Shelton MM, et al. Enteral protein supplementation in critically ill trauma and surgical patients: A single-center randomized clinical trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;99(4):635-642. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004745 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671181/.
  • Ortiz-Reyes L, Patel JJ, Jiang X, et al. Early versus delayed enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with circulatory shock: a nested cohort analysis of an international multicenter, pragmatic clinical trial. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):173. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04047-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35681220/.
  • Oshima T, Hatakeyama J. Nutritional therapy for the prevention of post-intensive care syndrome. J Intensive Care. 2024;12(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s40560-024-00734-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39075627/.
  • Panwar R, Kumar N, Parikh H, et al. Standard continuous feeding versus intermittent feeding among mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2025;51:40-49. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.05.024 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40516326/.
  • Panwar R, Poulter AL, Nourse M, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing three-times-a-day intermittent enteral postural feeding to continuous enteral feeding among mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(9):2149-2155. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.038 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39137517/.
  • Pardo E, Lescot T, Preiser JC, et al. Association between early nutrition support and 28-day mortality in critically ill patients: the FRANS prospective nutrition cohort study. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04298-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36611211/.
  • Patel JJ, Martindale RG, McClave SA. Contemporary rationale for delivering enteral nutrition in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med. 2025;doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006711 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40396870/.
  • Patel JJ, McClave SA. Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2026;395(2):162-174. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2506111 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42418776/.
  • Peake SL, Ridley EJ, Reignier J. Nutrition support in the ICU: current evidence and evolving standards. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52(6):1284-1289. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08474-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228011/.
  • Powers J. Guidelines for preoperative fasting for hospitalized patients. Crit Care Nurse. 2017;37(5):90-92. doi: 10.4037/ccn2017778 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28966200/.
  • Preston JD, Wagner VE, Galloway JR, et al. Hypocaloric feeding in critically ill trauma patients: A scoping review of the literature. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004704 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671188/.
  • Ramaswamy T, DeWane MP, Dashti HS, et al. Nine myths about enteral feeding in critically ill adults: An expert perspective. Adv Nutr. 2024:100345. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100345 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39551432/.
  • Reignier J, Rice TW, Arabi YM, et al. Nutritional support in the ICU. BMJ. 2025;388:e077979. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077979 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39746713/.
  • Sedláčková Š, Nigrovičová V, Pecková M, et al. Immediate “sipping” vs. delayed oral fluid intake after extubation: A randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care. 2026;91:155212. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2025.155212 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40780083/.
  • Stoppe C, Hill A, Christopher KB, et al. Toward precision in nutrition therapy. Crit Care Med. 2024;doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006537 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39688452/.
  • Stoppe C, Ridley EJ, Lee ZY. Rethinking energy and protein provision for critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2024;doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07726-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39585383/.
  • Tang F, Guo P, Zhang W, et al. Early supplemental parenteral nutrition shortens ventilation and intensive care unit stay in ICU patients aged ≥60 Years requiring mechanical ventilation: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2026;72:102933. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102933 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41565072/.
  • Uchino H, Davalan W, Khwaja K, et al. Implementing enhanced recovery protocol to improve trauma laparotomy outcomes: A single-center pilot study. Injury. 2025;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112238 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40059024/.
  • Vitko HA, Troxell JJ, Sherwood PR. Probiotics for infection prevention in critically ill and trauma patients: A concise review. J Trauma Nurs. 2023;30(5):296-304. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000744 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37702733/.
  • Wang Y, Li Y, Li N, et al. Protective nutrition strategy in the acute phase of critical illness: Why, what and how to protect. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1555311. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1555311 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40416376/.
  • Yeh DD. Fueling recovery: evidence-based ICU nutrition and immunonutrition strategies in 2026. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2026;11(Suppl 1):e002284. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2026-002284 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42094750/.
  • Yin J, Wang J, Zhang S, et al. Early versus delayed enteral feeding in patients with abdominal trauma: A retrospective cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(1):99-105. doi: 10.1007/s00068-014-0425-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26038172/.
  • Zhu R, Yang F, Li C, et al. Effect of enhanced recovery after surgery on the prognosis of patients with hip fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Nurs. 2023;30(5):271-281. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000741 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37702729/.
  • Zhu Y, Ji W, Jiang C, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical consequence of enteral feeding intolerance in elderly patients with traumatic brain injury: a two-center study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2026;doi: 10.1038/s41430-026-01812-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42608472/.