Skip to Content

Module 5: Abdominal Injuries

Segment 4: Hepatic & Pancreatic Injuries

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Hepatic injuries

  • Braschi C, Brosnihan P, Senekjian L, et al. Reimaging high-grade blunt hepatic injuries: Revisiting the role of routine surveillance in modern nonoperative management. J Surg Res. 2026;318:318-322. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2025.12.016 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41576787/.
  • Brooks A, Joyce D, Gouveia S, et al. Outcomes following non-operative management for severe liver trauma: a UK multicentre observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2026;34(1) doi: 10.1186/s13049-026-01576-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41792824/.
  • Dvorak JE, Tseng ES, Maluso PJ, et al. Adults with isolated low-grade blunt liver injury rarely require intervention: A retrospective study. Surgery. 2026;191:109917. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2025.109917 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41345016/.
  • Kapnias K, Kivilo M, Saar S, et al. Outcomes and safety of selective non-operative management of penetrating liver injuries: A prospective study. Injury. 2026;57(9) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113179 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113179.
  • Keric N, Shatz DV, Schellenberg M, et al. Adult blunt hepatic injury: A Western Trauma Association critical decisions algorithm. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(1):123-128. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004141 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37747241/.
  • Koyama T, Hamada H, Nishida M, et al. Defining the optimal cut-off values for liver enzymes in diagnosing blunt liver injury. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:41. doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-1863-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26809874/.
  • McGill MR. The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers. Excli j. 2016;15:817-828. doi: 10.17179/excli2016-800 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28337112/.
  • Nguyen PD, Nahmias J, Aryan N, et al. Observation-first versus angioembolization-first approach in stable patients with blunt liver trauma: A WTA multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):764-769. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004372 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39443838/.
  • Rau CS, Wu SC, Chien PC, et al. Identification of pancreatic injury in patients with elevated amylase or lipase level using a decision tree classifier: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis in a Level I trauma center. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(2):277. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15020277. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29415489/.
  • Reed CR, Brown JB, Peitzman AB. Liver injury: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(1):1-11. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004684 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40611382/.
  • Roberts R, Sheth RA. Hepatic trauma. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(14):1195. doi:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34430636/.
  • Wallace MW, Wan HY, Morris D, et al. Management of pediatric high-grade blunt hepatic trauma at adult and pediatric trauma centers: An analysis of the TQIP database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005031 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42047641/. PEDS

Topic: Retroperitoneal injuries

  • Benuzzi L, Cioffi SPB, Granieri S, et al. Impact of blunt adrenal gland injury (BAGI) in major trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg. 2026;21(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s13017-025-00654-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41547883/.
  • Panossian VS, Holtrop TET, Arda Y, et al. Abdominal aortic trauma outcomes in a national trauma database. J Surg Res. 2026;317:524-530. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2025.11.067 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41456470/.
  • Perkins L, Kobayashi L, Coimbra R. Modern management of abdominal aortic injuries: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004984 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41954279/.
  • Reintam Blaser A, Koitmäe M, Bachmann KF, et al. Management of acute mesenteric ischaemia in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg. 2025;20(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s13017-025-00614-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40275298/.

Topic: Pancreatic injuries

  • Ho VP, Patel NJ, Bokhari F, et al. Management of adult pancreatic injuries: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(1):185-199. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001300 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27787438/.
  • Hus A, Indorewala Y, Kumar S, et al. Outcomes of operative versus minimally invasive management in hemodynamically stable adult patients with moderate to severe pancreatic trauma per mechanism and grade of injury: A national analysis. J Surg Res. 2026;321:482-490. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2026.03.010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41934837/.
  • Rau CS, Wu SC, Chien PC, et al. Identification of pancreatic injury in patients with elevated amylase or lipase level using a decision tree classifier: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis in a Level I trauma center. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(2) doi: 10.3390/ijerph15020277 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29415489/.
  • Soltani T, Jurkovich GJ. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic trauma: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;98(5):681-691. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004523 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40107969/.