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Module 2: The Biomechanics of Trauma

Segment 5: Penetrating Trauma

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Penetrating-Firearms

  • Arda Y, Panossian VS, Nzenwa IC, et al. Rare and tricky: The relationship between hospital trauma volume and delay in surgical intervention in blunt intestinal injury. Ann Surg. 2025;doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006993 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41373107/.
  • Barnard LM, Wright-Kelly E, Brooks-Russell A, et al. Characterization of mass shootings by state, 2014–2022. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(7):e2325868. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.25868 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37494046/.
  • Baum GR, Baum JT, Hayward D, et al. Gunshot wounds: Ballistics, pathology, and treatment recommendations, with a focus on retained bullets. Orthop Res Rev. 2022;14:293-317. doi: 10.2147/ORR.S378278 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36090309/.
  • Braga AA, Cook PJ. The association of firearm caliber with likelihood of death from gunshot injury in criminal assaults. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3):e180833. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0833 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30646040/.
  • Carr DJ, Stevenson T, Mahoney PF. The use of gelatine in wound ballistics research. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(6):1659-1664. doi: 10.1007/s00414-018-1831-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29696465/.
  • Fu CY, Bajani F, Tatebe L, et al. Right hospital, right patients: Penetrating injury patients treated at high-volume penetrating trauma centers have lower mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;86(6):961-966. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002245 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31124893/.
  • McPhillips D. Suicide rates in the US are highest among elderly men, and most involve guns, CDC report says. CNN Health. CNN; 2023. 15 November 2023. doi: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/15/health/suicide-elderly-men-firearms-2021/index.html
  • Peta D, Vanairsdale-Carrasco S, Stone E. Firearm safety and injury prevention. J Emerg Nurs. 2024;50(6):696-709. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2023.08.013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39537260/.
  • Rivara FP, Hink AB, Kuhls DA, et al. Firearm injuries treated at trauma centers in the United States. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(6):955-964. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004172 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37734011/.
  • Stefanopoulos PK, Filippakis K, Soupiou OT, et al. Wound ballistics of firearm-related injuries-part 1: Missile characteristics and mechanisms of soft tissue wounding. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(12):1445-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2014.07.013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25128259/.
  • Stefanopoulos PK, Pinialidis DE, Hadjigeorgiou GF, et al. Wound ballistics 101: The mechanisms of soft tissue wounding by bullets. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2017;43(5):579-586. doi: 10.1007/s00068-015-0581-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26470704/.
  • Vulliamy P, Faulkner M, Kirkwood G, et al. Temporal and geographic patterns of stab injuries in young people: a retrospective cohort study from a UK major trauma centre. BMJ Open. 2018;8(10):e023114. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023114 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30401726/. PEDS
  • Waddle SD, Hink AB, Kuhls DA, et al. Characteristics of firearm injury by injury intent: The need for tailored interventions. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(4):529-540. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004344 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38654417/.
  • Weiss D, Tomasallo CD, Meiman JG, et al. Elevated blood lead levels associated with retained bullet fragments—United States, 2003–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):130-133. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6605a2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28182606/.
  • Wen L. What bullets do to bodies. The New York TImes. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/opinion/virginia-baseball-shooting-gun-shot-wounds.html.
  • Yaksi MA, Eyler Y, Yesilaras M, et al. Mortality prediction in firearm injuries: Comparative performance of GCS, GAP, RTS, and lactate/hematocrit ratio. Am J Emerg Med. 2026;100:25-29. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2025.11.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41252788/.

Topic: Penetrating-Non-firearms