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Module 7: Head Injuries

Segment 8: Subdural Hematoma & Other Intracranial Injuries

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Subdural hematomas

  • Chen H, McIntyre MK, Santdasani S, et al. Transformation into Chronic Subdural Hematoma Following Acute Subdural Hematoma: Incidence, Outcomes, and Predictors. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113617 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113617.
  • Davies JM, Knopman J, Mokin M, et al. Adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(20):1890-1900. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2313472 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39565988/.
  • Furuta K, Kikuchi J, Miyagi K, et al. Clinical significance of leakage sign patterns in acute subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. 2026:8977151261436374. doi: 10.1177/08977151261436374 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41957976/.
  • Ortiz M, Belton P, Burton M, et al. Subdural drain versus subdural evacuating port system for the treatment of nonacute subdural hematomas: A single-center retrospective cohort study. World Neurosurg. 2020;139:e355-e362. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.226 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32305600/.
  • Shankar JJS, Alcock S, Kashani N, et al. Management of chronic subdural hematoma with adjunctive embolization of the middle meningeal artery: The EMMA-Can randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2026;doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.4910 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42060283/.
  • Shlobin NA, Kedda J, Wishart D, et al. Surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma in older adults: A systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(8):1454-1462. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa293 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33220683/.
  • Stubbs DJ, Davies BM, Edlmann E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of patients with a chronic subdural haematoma: multidisciplinary recommendations from presentation to recovery. Br J Neurosurg. 2024:1-10. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2024.2413445 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39523882/.

Topic: Cerebral contusions

  • Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(5):1139-45. doi: 10.3171/2009.5.Jns081369 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19575576/.
  • Carnevale JA, Segar DJ, Powers AY, et al. Blossoming contusions: identifying factors contributing to the expansion of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1305-1316. doi: 10.3171/2017.7.Jns17988 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29303442/.
  • Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, et al. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(1):19-31. doi: 10.1089/neu.2011.2122 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21988198/.
  • Pellot JE, De Jesus O. Cerebral contusion. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing;; 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562147/.

Topic: Traumatic SAH

  • Cooper SW, Bethea KB, Skrobut TJ, et al. Management of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage by the trauma service: is repeat CT scanning and routine neurosurgical consultation necessary? Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2019;4(1):e000313. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2019-000313 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31799413/.
  • Griswold DP, Fernandez L, Rubiano AM. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: A scoping review. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39(1-2):35-48. doi: 10.1089/neu.2021.0007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33637023/.
  • Nassiri F, Badhiwala JH, Witiw CD, et al. The clinical significance of isolated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83(4):725-731. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001617 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697013/.