Skip to Content

Module 3: The Body's Response to Injury

Endpoints of Resuscitation

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Endpoints of Resuscitation

  • Cestero RF, Dent DL. Endpoints of resuscitation. Surg Clin North Am. 2015;95(2):319-36. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2014.10.004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25814109/.
  • Connelly CR, Schreiber MA. Endpoints in resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21(6):512-9. doi: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000248 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26418760/.
  • Douin DJ, Rice JD, Anderson EL, et al. Targeted normoxemia and supplemental oxygen-free days in critically injured adults: A stepped-wedge cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(3):e252093. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2093 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40163121/.
  • Falter F, Tisherman SA, Perrino AC, et al. Serial lactate in clinical medicine: A narrative review. J Intensive Care Med. 2025:8850666241303460. doi: 10.1177/08850666241303460 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39925111/.
  • Holmberg MJ, Ikeyama T, Garg R, et al. Oxygen and carbon dioxide targets after cardiac arrest: an updated systematic review. Resuscitation. 2025;211:110620. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110620 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40280356/.
  • Huang Q, Wang Y, Zhang Z, et al. Organ dysfunction induced by hemorrhagic shock: From mechanisms to therapeutic medicines. Pharmacol Res. 2025;216:107755. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107755 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40315969/.
  • Kaplan LJ, Kellum JA. Initial pH, base deficit, lactate, anion gap, strong ion difference, and strong ion gap predict outcome from major vascular injury. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(5):1120-4. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000125517.28517.74 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15190960/.
  • Kashani K, Omer T, Shaw AD. The intensivist’s perspective of shock, volume management, and hemodynamic monitoring. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17(5):706-716. doi: 10.2215/cjn.14191021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35379765/.
  • Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. Prognosis in acute organ-system failure. Ann Surg. 1985;202(6):685-93. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198512000-00004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4073980/.
  • Langer T, Brusatori S, Gattinoni L. Understanding base excess (BE): merits and pitfalls. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(8):1080-1083. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06748-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639122/.
  • Legrand M, van der Horst ICC, De Jong A. Serial lactate measurements to guide resuscitation: more evidence not to? Intensive Care Med. 2024;doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07411-w https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38635045/.
  • Li H, Peng J, Mao Z, et al. Association between the stress hyperglycemia ratio and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome incidence in trauma patients: a retrospective cohort study. Injury. 2025:112880. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112880 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41207853/.
  • NeSmith EG, Medeiros RS, Holsten SBJ, et al. Accelerated biologic aging, chronic stress, and risk for sepsis and organ failure following trauma. J Trauma Nurs. 2020;27(3):131-140. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000501 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32371728/.
  • Panwar R, McNicholas B, Nita C, et al. A pilot multicenter randomized controlled trial on individualized blood pressure targets versus standard care among critically ill patients with shock. J Intensive Care. 2025;13(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s40560-025-00798-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40426236/.
  • Powell EK, Betzold R, Hardin RD, et al. The incidence, outcome, and treatment of advanced organ failure and support after trauma: A review with implications for future large-scale combat operations. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;99(3S Suppl 1):S133-s142. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004685 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40539974/.
  • Raffee LA, Oteir AO, Alawneh KZ, et al. Relationship between initial arterial blood gases and coagulation profiles: Analyzing the prognosis and outcomes in patients with multiple injuries/trauma. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020;12:87-92. doi: 10.2147/oaem.S244941 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32346316/.
  • Rocha-Baião B, Reis-Pina P. Recognizing and predicting the syndrome of imminent death (≤14 days): A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2026;71(6):e671-e695. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2026.01.019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41611181/.
  • Ross SW, Thomas BW, Christmas AB, et al. Returning from the acidotic abyss: Mortality in trauma patients with a pH < 7.0. Am J Surg. 2017;214(6):1067-1072. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.033 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29079021/.
  • Safari S, Shojaee M, Rahmati F, et al. Accuracy of SOFA score in prediction of 30-day outcome of critically ill patients. Turk J Emerg Med. 2016;16(4):146-150. doi: 10.1016/j.tjem.2016.09.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27995206/.
  • Tseng GS, Wall MH. Endpoints of resuscitation: what are they anyway? Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;18(4):352-62. doi: 10.1177/1089253213520348 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24492648/.
  • Yasumoto M, Okamoto K, Sato T, et al. Prognosis of critically ill patients with multiple organ failure. J Anesth. 1994;8(3):269-73. doi: 10.1007/bf02514648 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23568110/.