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Module 1: The Trauma Care Spectrum

Segment 1: Trauma Scope, Impact, & Etiologies

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Trauma scope and impact

  • Ahmad FB, Anderson RN. The leading causes of death in the US for 2020. JAMA. 2021;325(18):1829-1830. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5469 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33787821/.
  • Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Anderson RN. Leading causes of death in the US, 2019–2023. JAMA. 2024;332(12):957-958. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.15563 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39116093/.
  • Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, et al. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013. Inj Prev. 2015;doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26635210/.
  • Lewis J, Liu AM, Johnson C, et al. Is there a correlation between season and weather patterns on trauma admissions? Injury. 2026;57(4):113158. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113158 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41887086/.
  • Stewart AE, Lord JH. Motor vehicle crash versus accident: a change in terminology is necessary. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(4):333-5. doi: 10.1023/a:1016260130224 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12224806/.

Topic: Trauma etiologies

  • Badiee B, Mallick S, Yalzadeh D, et al. Nationwide trends and injury patterns associated with ski- and snowboard-related hospitalizations. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113231 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41967156/.
  • Bornstein SS. Confronting America’s firearm injury epidemic: Using your voice to protect your patients. Ann Intern Med. 2026;179(1):129-130. doi: 10.7326/annals-25-03900 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41325607/.
  • Butler EK, Boveng HM, Harruff RC, et al. Risk of suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths in the home. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0806 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32282011/.
  • Davis KA, Fabian TC, Cioffi WG. The toll of death and disability from traumatic injury in the United States—the “neglected disease” of modern society, still neglected after 50 years. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(3):221-222. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4625 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28030708/.
  • DiMaggio C, Curcio P, Escobar N, et al. The epidemiology of firearm-related injuries in the united states compared to other mechanisms: Recent trends in trauma center hospital discharges. Injury. 2026:113080. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113080 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41654437/.
  • Goolsby C, Bosson N, Banjo E, et al. National research agenda for postcrash care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;98(6):942-950. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004589 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40152599/.
  • ImageTrend’s Clinical & Research Services Team. ImageTrend Collaborate™ short report: 2018–2020 national trends in firearm-related incidents in the prehospital setting. Vol. 1. 2021. September 2021. https://assets.cdnma.com/13864/assets/Collaborate%20Report/National%20Short%20Report%20Collaborate%20Firearm%2016SEPT2021.pdf.
  • James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, et al. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev. 2020;26(Suppl 2):i96-i114. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32332142/.
  • Kaufman EJ, Jung HS, Teichman A, et al. The effect of ridesharing services on motor vehicle crash outcomes: A systematic review and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;99(1):135-142. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004614 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40181210/.
  • Kegler SR, Simon TR, Zwald ML, et al. Vital signs: Changes in firearm homicide and suicide rates—United States, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(19):656-663. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7119e1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35550497/.
  • Lyons VH, Gause EL, Spangler KR, et al. Analysis of daily ambient temperature and firearm violence in 100 US cities. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2247207-e2247207. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47207 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36525273/.
  • Pallin R, Spitzer SA, Ranney ML, et al. Preventing firearm-related death and injury. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(11):Itc81-itc96. doi: 10.7326/aitc201906040 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158880/.
  • Rees CA, Monuteaux MC, Steidley I, et al. Trends and disparities in firearm fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2244221-e2244221. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44221 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36445703/.
  • Reyes AM, Arcieri TR, Hebert AM, et al. E-bikes and E-scooters are not bicycles or motorcycles: The case for a dedicated trauma registry mechanism. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005035 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053154/.
  • Rowh A, Zwald M, Sumner S, et al. Patterns of U.S. firearm injury emergency department visits by month, day, and time during 2018 to 2023. Ann Intern Med. 2025;doi: 10.7326/annals-24-02874 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40228300/.
  • Sakran JV, Lunardi N. Reducing firearm injury and death in the United States. Adv Surg. 2022;56(1):49-67. doi: 10.1016/j.yasu.2022.03.001 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36096577/.
  • Sakran JV, Mehta A, Fransman R, et al. Nationwide trends in mortality following penetrating trauma: Are we up for the challenge? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;85(1):160-166. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001907 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29613947/.
  • Seifert CL, Rogers M, Helmer SD, et al. Rodeo trauma: Outcome data from 10 years of injuries. Kans J Med. 2022;15:208-211. doi: 10.17161/kjm.vol15.16389 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35762003/.
  • Shahbaz H, Sherman AB, Curran T, et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes of pediatric versus adult intentional self-inflicted firearm injuries. Am J Emerg Med. 2026;101:99-102. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2025.12.018 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41483581/.
  • Spinella PC. Zero preventable deaths after traumatic injury: An achievable goal. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(6S):S2-S8. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001425 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333835/.
  • Sullivan CM, Chopra KN, Cooke HL, et al. Off-road vehicle upper extremity injuries: Estimated incidence and trends in the United States from 2014 to 2024. Injury. 2026;57(6):113185. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113185 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41916011/.
  • Thompson JHS, Sivapathasuntharam D, Cole E, et al. Traumatic self-harm in older people: A 7-year descriptive analysis from a London major trauma centre. Injury. 2025;56(9):112542. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112542 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40592662/.
  • Wang K, Li Z. Global, regional, and national burdens of road injuries from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study. Injury. 2025;56(3):112221. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112221 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39978035/.
  • Yellman MA, Sauber-Schatz EK. Motor vehicle crash deaths—United States and 28 other high-income countries, 2015 and 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(26):837-843. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7126a1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35771709/.
  • Zwemer C, Kartiko S, Forssten MP, et al. Firearms-related injury and sex: a comparative National Trauma Database (NTDB) Study. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2023;8(1):e001181. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001181 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38156275/.