Module
8: Spine & Spinal Cord Injuries
Segment 4: Incomplete Cord Injury Syndromes
References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.
Topic: Spinal cord injuries
- Boese CK, Lechler P. Spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormalities in adults: A systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(2):320-330. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829243c9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702634/.
- Fontaine G, Forgione M, Lusignan F, et al. Cervical spine collar removal by emergency room nurses: A quality improvement project. J Emerg Nurs. 2018;44(3):228-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2017.07.018 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28844294/.
- Haertel SR. Cervical spine collars. Orthop Nurs. 2019;38(6):403-405. doi: 10.1097/nor.0000000000000612 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31764909/.
- Huang X, Zhang Y, Xiao H, et al. The evolution of cervical spine trauma classification: a paradigm shift from morphological description to clinical decision-making. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1728720. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1728720 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41451424/.
- Kirshblum S, Schmidt Read M, Rupp R. Classification challenges of the 2019 revised International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). Spinal Cord. 2022;60(1):11-17. doi: 10.1038/s41393-021-00648-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34088981/.
- McKinley W, Santos K, Meade M, et al. Incidence and outcomes of spinal cord injury clinical syndromes. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(3):215-24. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2007.11753929 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17684887/.
- Peck GE, Shipway DJH, Tsang K, et al. Cervical spine immobilisation in the elderly: a literature review. Br J Neurosurg. 2018;32(3):286-290. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2018.1445828 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29488398/.
- Thompson C. We have your back: ED presentations, evaluation, and management of spinal cord injuries. emDocs. emDocs; 2022. 2 May 2022. doi: Accessed 2022. http://www.emdocs.net/we-have-your-back-ed-presentations-evaluation-and-management-of-spinal-cord-injuries/
- Wijdicks EFM. Brown-Séquard’s famous lecture that gave him the eponym (and what else he said). Neurocrit Care. 2022;doi: 10.1007/s12028-022-01446-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35129798/.