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Module 4: Thoracic Injuries

Segment 16: The Care Continuum & Violence-Related Injuries

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Pain management

  • Altunbaş E, Kudu E, Unal E, et al. Femoral nerve block vs IV fentanyl for hip fracture pain in the emergency department: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2026;99:359-364. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2025.10.044 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41167010/.
  • American College of Surgeons. Best practice guidelines for acute pain management in trauma patients. 2020:121. ACS Trauma Quality Programs. https://www.facs.org/media/exob3dwk/acute_pain_guidelines.pdf.
  • Beyene RT, Wallace MW, Statzer N, et al. Comparison of thoracic epidural catheter and continuous peripheral infusion for management of traumatic rib fracture pain. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(6):849-855. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004445 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39269315/.
  • Bhatia N. Fascia iliaca compartment block: A narrative review. Indian J Anaesth. 2026;70(1):200-204. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_1068_25 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696367/.
  • Bresgen TU, Salinaro F, Barcella B, et al. Acute pain management of rib fractures: a narrative review. Injury. 2025;56(12):112857. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112857 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41223579/.
  • Brown J, Milgrim F, Driver L, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunct medications in ED ultrasound-guided nerve blocks: A National Ultrasound-Guided NeRVE (NURVE) Block Registry study. Acad Emerg Med. 2025;32(12):1299-1308. doi: 10.1111/acem.70128 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40873157/.
  • Buonora MJ, Mackey K, Khalid L, et al. Acute pain management in people with opioid use disorder: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2025;doi: 10.7326/annals-24-01917 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40096692/.
  • Calati P, Lenoir C, Kamel LC, et al. Effectiveness of pericapsular nerve group block for hip fracture pain management in the emergency department: results of the ED-PENG-B randomised controlled trial. BMC Emerg Med. 2025;25(1):245. doi: 10.1186/s12873-025-01401-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41299315/.
  • Carenzo L, Rehn M, Dünser MW. Pain first: rethinking early analgesia in emergency trauma care. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2026;34(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s13049-026-01571-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41673878/.
  • Carver TW, Peppard WJ, Gellings JA, et al. Ketamine infusion for pain control in severely injured patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;98(6):858-866. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004602 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40152587/.
  • Dhaoui R, Kouraichi C, Toumia M, et al. Intranasal versus subcutaneous ketamine for the treatment of acute traumatic pain in the emergency department: A randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2025;doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.09.019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41108307/.
  • Farley P, Abraham P, Griffin RL, et al. Pain in trauma patients: Measurement and predisposing factors. J Surg Res. 2023;291:321-329. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.06.008 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37506431/.
  • Finch AS, Keim SM, Bellamkonda VR, et al. Does point-of-care ultrasound-guided nerve block for geriatric hip fracture analgesia in the emergency department improve outcomes? J Emerg Med. 2026;80:81-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.10.014 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41270324/.
  • Finneran JJt, Kobayashi L, Costantini TW, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis for the treatment of pain following traumatic rib fracture: A randomized, active-controlled, participant- and observer-masked study. Anesthesiology. 2024;doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000005328 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39723886/.
  • Fiorelli A, Pace C, Cascone R, et al. Preventive skin analgesia with lidocaine patch for management of post-thoracotomy pain: Results of a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Thorac Cancer. 2019;10(4):631-641. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.12975 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30806017/.
  • Foo I, Macfarlane AJR, Srivastava D, et al. The use of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and recovery: international consensus statement on efficacy and safety. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(2):238-250. doi: 10.1111/anae.15270 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33141959/.
  • Forman S, Park S, Hom B, et al. Utility of transversus abdominis plane block in trauma and emergency general surgery laparotomy: A quality improvement project. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(3):421-428. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004828 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41701565/.
  • Forrester JD, Wang S, Myers AA, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis of intercostal nerves in traumatic rib fractures. Injury. 2025;56(5):112321. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112321 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40240230/.
  • Frauenknecht J, Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, et al. Analgesic impact of intra-operative opioids vs. opioid-free anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(5):651-662. doi: 10.1111/anae.14582 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30802933/.
  • Gawel RJ, Hong JX, Hassel EE, et al. Ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block for acute pain management in emergency medicine: A systematic review. J Emerg Med. 2025;74:13-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.02.009 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40379486/.
  • Guirguis J, Elamin-Ahmed H, Venkatachalam S, et al. Regional anaesthesia vs haematoma block in the management of distal radius fractures: Introduction of a regional anaesthesia list. Injury. 2025;56(12):112815. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112815 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41124822/.
  • Guyette FX, Chaudhary P, Vincent LE, et al. A randomized controlled trial of sublingual sufentanil in early management of pain in trauma. Anesth Analg. 2025;141(1):172-180. doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007384 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39919020/.
  • Hancin E, Patel PP, Egodage T. Regional, multimodal, and opioid-sparing strategies after trauma: a review. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2026;11(Suppl 1):e002273. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2026-002273 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42094755/.
  • Ikarine I, Altawil L, Kartiko S, et al. Intercostal nerve cryoablation as an adjunct to surgical stabilization of rib fractures: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Surg Res. 2026;322:61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2026.03.044 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41965210/.
  • James RH, Whitley GA, Wood F, et al. A narrative systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the management of acute traumatic pain. Trauma. 2025;0(0):14604086251361323. doi: 10.1177/14604086251361323 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086251361323.
  • Jensen CD, Stark JT, Jacobson LL, et al. Improved outcomes associated with the liberal use of thoracic epidural analgesia in patients with rib fractures. Pain Med. 2017;18(9):1787-1794. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnw199 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550958/.
  • Khurshid MH, Hoffman JP, Al Ma’ani M, et al. Who hits the target? Erector spinae plane block versus epidural analgesia in traumatic rib fractures. J Surg Res. 2025;315:923-929. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2025.10.018 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41202551/.
  • Kirk D, Whiles E, Jones A, et al. Breathing new life into pain management: A systematic review of nebulised ketamine for analgesia. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025;33(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01501-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41345884/.
  • Klugh JM, Harvin JA. Acute pain management after trauma: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(4):537-541. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004193 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37962128/.
  • Klugh JM, Puzio TJ, Wandling MW, et al. Ketamine for acute pain after trauma: A pragmatic, randomized clinical trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(4):514-519. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004325 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38689402/.
  • Kugler NW, Carver TW, Juul J, et al. Ketamine infusion for pain control in elderly patients with multiple rib fractures: Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87(5):1181-1188. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002479 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425468/.
  • Lauer KV, O’Rourke AP, Austin-Nash KE, et al. Should we be scoring pain differently for rib fractures? A comparison of two scoring systems. Injury. 2026;57(1):112625. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112625 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40750533/.
  • Lynch N, Salottolo K, Foster K, et al. Comparative effectiveness analysis of two regional analgesia techniques for the pain management of isolated multiple rib fractures. J Pain Res. 2019;12:1701-1708. doi: 10.2147/jpr.S198350 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31213882/.
  • Maagaard M, Albrecht E, Mathiesen O. Prolonging peripheral nerve block duration: Current techniques and future perspectives. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2025;69(4):e70010. doi: 10.1111/aas.70010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40000382/.
  • MacPherson-Dias R, Slifko A, Gibson J, et al. ENA clinical practice guideline synopsis: Alternatives to opioids. J Emerg Nurs. 2024;50(6):749-761. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2024.08.008 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39537263/.
  • Maghsoudi T, Bower K, Locklear T, et al. How timing of regional anesthesia impacts outcomes in traumatic rib fracture patients: A Trauma Quality National Improvement Program–based study. J Surg Res. 2026;322:104-112. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2026.03.058 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41965207/.
  • Mirea L, Dumitriu A-M, Cobilinschi C, et al. Integrating peripheral nerve blocks in multiple trauma care: Current evidence and clinical challenges. J Clin Med. 2025;14(15):5598. doi: 10.3390/jcm14155598 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807219/.
  • Murray N, Swierczek J, Riley B, et al. Erector spinae plane versus paravertebral catheter techniques for rib fracture analgesia: A pilot matched cohort study. Trauma. 2023;25(4):348-352. doi: 10.1177/14604086221106849 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086221106849.
  • Naser A, Meyer A, Ifrach N, et al. Epidural vs. systemic analgesia in the intensive care unit: Retrospective study of patient outcomes. Minerva Anestesiol. 2023;doi: 10.23736/s0375-9393.23.17621-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38015587/.
  • Naveed A, Adams-McGavin RC, Ladha K, et al. A 10-year review of pain management practices for rib fractures at a lead trauma hospital: Are we adopting all multimodal pain management strategies? Trauma. 2023;0(0):14604086231198764. doi: 10.1177/14604086231198764 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086231198764.
  • Nguyen T, Mai M, Choudhary A, et al. Comparison of nebulized ketamine to intravenous subdissociative-dose ketamine for treating acute painful conditions in the emergency department: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2024;doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.03.024 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38703175/.
  • O’Neill K, Boyle J, Haynes L, et al. Improving the rate of use of fascia iliaca compartment blocks in patients presenting with hip fractures. CJEM. 2026;28(1):27-33. doi: 10.1007/s43678-025-00990-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40826210/.
  • Ou X, Liao X. The application of nerve blocks in intensive care units. J Translational Crit Care Med. 2025;7(3):e24-00024. doi: 10.1097/jtccm-d-24-00024 https://journals.lww.com/jtccm/fulltext/2025/09000/the_application_of_nerve_blocks_in_intensive_care.4.aspx.
  • Partyka C, Farenden S, Tian D, et al. Single-shot regional anesthesia for early rib fracture-associated pain management: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2026;33(4):e70277. doi: 10.1111/acem.70277 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41914895/.
  • Patton P, Vogt K, Priestap F, et al. Intravenous lidocaine for the management of traumatic rib fractures: A double-blind randomized controlled trial (INITIATE program of research). J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(4):496-502. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003562 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35137728/.
  • Pietsch U, Bommer A, Hossfeld B, et al. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate analgesia in prehospital trauma care: a retrospective observational cohort study focusing on age and gender differences. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2026;34(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13049-026-01544-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41495774/.
  • Prusty AV, Gupta A, Mohanty CR, et al. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block versus costotransverse foramen block in patients with chest trauma: A randomized controlled study. Injury. 2026:113038. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113038 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41577530/.
  • Reeves MT, Lee Y, Shalaby M. Ultrasound-guided truncal blocks for tube thoracostomy analgesia in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2026;84:92-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.12.026 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936304/.
  • Riley B, Malla U, Snels N, et al. Novel chest wall blocks for severe chest wall injuries in older persons: A case series. Trauma. 2021;0(0):14604086211032877. doi: 10.1177/14604086211032877 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086211032877.
  • Rook B, Bosch van den E, Haak SL, et al. US-guided axillary nerve block vs. fracture hematoma block for forearm fracture analgesia in the ED: A randomised controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2026;100:175-181. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2025.12.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41391425/.
  • Schauer SG, Fisher AD, April MD. Deployed combat use of methoxyflurane for analgesia. J Spec Oper Med. 2024;doi: 10.55460/x2od-uyuq https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38412526/.
  • Sharma SK, Sonawane K, Mistry T. A narrative review on fascial plane blocks - Part A: Anatomical foundations and mechanistic insights. Indian J Anaesth. 2026;70(1):127-136. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_1553_25 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696366/.
  • Shearer N, Blakey T, Wornham D, et al. Guiding rib fracture care with the STUMBL score: acute pain management and intensive care unit referrals. Injury. 2025;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112525 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40562589/.
  • Smith A. A guide to pain management: Unveiling the power of analgesics. Nursing made Incredibly Easy. 2025;23(2):21-29. doi: 10.1097/nme.0000000000000095 https://journals.lww.com/nursingmadeincrediblyeasy/fulltext/2025/03000/a_guide_to_pain_management__unveiling_the_power_of.4.aspx.
  • Sri-On J, Fusakul Y, Phisaiphun K, et al. Ultrasound-guided pericapsular nerve group block versus intravenous morphine for pain management in older adults with hip fractures: a randomised controlled trial in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2026;doi: 10.1136/emermed-2025-215388 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41856550/.
  • Thiruvenkatarajan V, Cruz Eng H, Adhikary SD. An update on regional analgesia for rib fractures. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018;31(5):601-607. doi: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000637 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30020155/.
  • Vossler JD, Zhao FZ. Intercostal nerve cryoablation for control of traumatic rib fracture pain: A case report. Trauma Case Rep. 2019;23:100229. doi: 10.1016/j.tcr.2019.100229 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388539/.
  • White LD, Riley B, Seidel D, et al. Rib fracture-related morbidity and mortality for older persons in the era of fascial plane blocks: A cohort study. Trauma. 2022;0(0):14604086221125725. doi: 10.1177/14604086221125725 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086221125725.
  • Zavvar M, Pouraghaei M, Safiri S, et al. Efficacy of intranasal ketamine in controlling pain caused by bone fractures: A single-center double blind randomized controlled trial. Injury. 2025;56(6):112328. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112328 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40253928/.
  • Zigray HC, Shiue LT, Barzee BM, et al. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for traumatic rib fractures: A feasible method of analgesia for the nonspecialized emergency physician. Injury. 2025;56(9):112569. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112569 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40628600/.

Topic: Moving patients along the care continuum

  • Appelbaum RD, Farrell MS, Hoth JJ, et al. Handoffs and transitions of care in the intensive care unit: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(1):e001677. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2024-001677 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39975963/.
  • Bach C, Hetland B. A step forward for intensive care unit patients: Early mobility interventions and associated outcome measures. Crit Care Nurse. 2022;42(6):13-24. doi: 10.4037/ccn2022459 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36453068/.
  • Baker E, Barnett J, Hutchings H, et al. Exploring the physiotherapists’ role in the management of blunt mechanism chest wall injury - A qualitative focus group study. Injury. 2026;57(1):112840. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112840 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41136264/.
  • Battle C, Charnock A, Davies S, et al. Early exercise in blunt chest wall trauma: protocol for a mixed-methods, multicentre, parallel randomised controlled trial (ELECT2 trial). BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e060055. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060055 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35393332/.
  • Battle C, Driscoll T, Fitzsimmons D, et al. EarLy Exercise in blunt Chest wall Trauma: a multi-centre, parallel randomised controlled trial (ELECT2 Trial). Injury. 2024;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.112075 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39674711/.
  • Battle C, Pelo C, Hsu J, et al. Expert consensus guidance on respiratory physiotherapy and rehabilitation of patients with rib fractures: An international, multidisciplinary e-Delphi study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;94(4):578-583. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003875 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36728349/.
  • Broadway K, Nuila CM. Implementation of an interprofessional mobility program in a neurosurgical intensive care unit. J Neurosci Nurs. 2023;55(6):205-210. doi: 10.1097/jnn.0000000000000729 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738106/.
  • Calthorpe S, Webb MJ, Kimmel LA. The use of a decision-making tool to optimise physiotherapy practice for patients following chest trauma: Impact on patient and hospital outcomes. Trauma. 2025;0(0):14604086241293318. doi: 10.1177/14604086241293318 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086241293318.
  • Fazio SA, Cortés-Puch I, Stocking JC, et al. Early mobility index and patient outcomes: A retrospective study in multiple intensive care units. Am J Crit Care. 2024;33(3):171-179. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2024747 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38688854/.
  • Fossat G, Muller L, Seguin A, et al. Effects of out-of-bed armchair positioning on oxygenation in spontaneously breathing ICU patients receiving respiratory support: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52(6):1222-1234. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08453-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42149248/.
  • Habarth-Morales TE, Rios-Diaz AJ, Gadomski SP, et al. Direct to OR resuscitation of abdominal trauma: An NTDB propensity matched outcomes study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;92(5):792-799. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003536 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045059/.
  • Hirst C, Needham M. Risk factors and outcomes associated with ventilator associated pneumonia amongst intubated trauma patients admitted to the general intensive care unit of a major trauma centre. Trauma. 2023;25(4):306-315. doi: 10.1177/14604086221094651 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086221094651.
  • Hiser SL, Casey K, Nydahl P, et al. Intensive care unit acquired weakness and physical rehabilitation in the ICU. BMJ. 2025;388:e077292. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077292 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39870417/.
  • Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, et al. Early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(19):1747-1758. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209083 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36286256/.
  • Hodgson CL, Broadley T, Paton M, et al. Australian clinical practice guideline for physical rehabilitation and mobilisation in adult intensive care units. Aust Crit Care. 2025;38(4):101235. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101235 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40306022/.
  • Johnson A, Rott M, Kuchler A, et al. Direct to operating room trauma resuscitation: Optimizing patient selection and time-critical outcomes when minutes count. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(1):160-166. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002703 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32218021/.
  • Khan SA, Moeed A, Mari T, et al. Safety and early mobilization in intensive care unit patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Crit Care Med. 2025;14(4):107396. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v14.i4.107396 https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v14/i4/107396.htm.
  • Kimmel L, Webb M, McCaskie D, et al. Outcomes following intensive allied health therapy in the acute hospital for trauma patients. Injury. 2024;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111942 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39462723/.
  • Krause MA, Mantooth JL, Gibson JE. Developing a trauma intermediate care unit. J Trauma Nurs. 2023;30(1):55-58. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000699 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36633347/.
  • Kümpers P, Rovas A, Köhnke R, et al. Emergency critical care: a blind spot in the upstream phase of critical illness. Crit Care. 2026;30(1) doi: 10.1186/s13054-026-06031-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42002772/.
  • Lorenz M, Langer N, Kloss P, et al. ROBotic-assisted Early Mobilization in ventilated surgical critically ill patients (ROBEM-I)-A randomized, controlled, outcome-assessor-blinded pilot study. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2025;44(4):101549. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2025.101549 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414562/.
  • Mart MF, Gordon JI, González-Seguel F, et al. Muscle dysfunction and physical recovery after critical illness. J Intensive Care Med. 2025:8850666251317467. doi: 10.1177/08850666251317467 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39905778/.
  • Marthy AG, Mounsey M, Ata A, et al. Hospital readmission after blunt traumatic rib fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(6):793-799. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003558 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36409841/.
  • Martin MJ, Johnson A, Rott M, et al. Choosing wisely: A prospective study of direct to operating room trauma resuscitation including real-time trauma surgeon after-action review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91(2S):S146-S153. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003176 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33797495/.
  • Mukpradab S, Mitchell M, Marshall AP. An interprofessional team approach to early mobilisation of critically Ill adults: An integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;129:104210. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104210 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35349973/.
  • Parada-Gereda HM, Merchán-Chaverra R, Medina-Parra J, et al. Safety of early mobilisation in the intensive care unit: a prospective and multicentre cohort study protocol. BMJ Open. 2025;15(8):e101772. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101772 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40858383/.
  • Rollinson TC. Appraisal of clinical practice guideline: Australian clinical guideline for physical rehabilitation and mobilisation in adult intensive care units: 2023. J Physiother. 2024;70(3):242. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2024.05.009 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38902196/.
  • Saucier JA, Dietrich MS, Maxwell C, et al. Trauma patient transitions from critical care: A survey of U.S. trauma centers. J Trauma Nurs. 2023;30(6):318-327. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000750 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37937871/.
  • Schaller SJ, Scheffenbichler FT, Bein T, et al. Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50(8):1211-1227. doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07532-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39073582/.
  • Suzuki G, Kanayama H, Arai Y, et al. Early mobilization using a mobile patient lift in the ICU: A randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2024:10.1097/CCM.0000000000006219. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006219 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38317369/.
  • Vinar AL, Cipher DJ, Ormand M, et al. Multidisciplinary teamwork perceptions when mobilizing ventilated neurosurgery patients. J Neurosci Nurs. 2023;55(6):199-204. doi: 10.1097/jnn.0000000000000726 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612259/.
  • Wang YT, Lang JK, Haines KJ, et al. Physical rehabilitation in the ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(3):375-388. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005285 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26968024/.

Topic: Violence-related injuries

  • Bukhman AK, Clifford KC, Joseph JW, et al. Workplace violence in an urban community emergency department: A deeper dive into the antecedents and circumstances of violent behaviors. J Emerg Med. 2025;77:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.07.012 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40840095/.
  • Carey I, Hendricks K. Workplace violence against healthcare workers using nationally representative estimates of emergency department data, 2015-2017. Am J Ind Med. 2023;doi: 10.1002/ajim.23463 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36726213/.
  • Carpenter D, Menard A, Isenberger J, et al. Acute and critical care nurses’ roles in mass shootings: An integrative review. Crit Care Nurse. 2024;44(5):20-31. doi: 10.4037/ccn2024192 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39348931/.
  • Cho NY, Coaston T, Vadlakonda A, et al. Contemporary trends in incidence and outcomes of domestic violence among trauma patients in the US. Injury. 2026;57(1):112772. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112772 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41033958/.
  • Costigan AD, O’Connor LC, Slocum C, et al. The implementation of the Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression (DASA) score at emergency department triage. Ann Emerg Med. 2025;86(4):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.02.023 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40172506/.
  • Doehring MC, Palmer M, Satorius A, et al. Workplace violence in a large urban emergency department. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(11):e2443160. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.43160 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39499514/.
  • El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Rizoli S, et al. Sex-based case fatality rate of violence-related injuries among 522,939 patients: Retrospective analysis. Injury. 2026;57(3):113078. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113078 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41653539/.
  • Goldstick JE, Carter PM, Delgado MK, et al. Multisite external validation of a clinical screening tool for interpersonal firearm violence risk. Ann Intern Med. 2026;doi: 10.7326/annals-25-03950 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41941742/.
  • Hickey J, White M, Gantz S. Best practices in the nursing care of patients with injuries from violence: An integrative review. Crit Care Nurse. 2024;44(5):32-41. doi: 10.4037/ccn2024639 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39348930/.
  • Hvidhjelm J, Berring LL, Whittington R, et al. Short-term risk assessment in the long term: A scoping review and meta-analysis of the Brøset Violence Checklist. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2023;30(4):637-648. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12905 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36718598/.
  • Kafle S, Paudel S, Thapaliya A, et al. Workplace violence against nurses: A narrative review. J Clin Transl Res. 2022;8(5):421-424. doi:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36212701/.
  • Kapa HM, Liu Z, Berardi J, et al. Linking hospital-based violence intervention program implementation with patient-reported outcomes. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113392 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42217455/.
  • Lee P, Espat NN, Zagales R, et al. Valuating the structural, financial, and legal aspects of hospital-based violence intervention programs implementation on psychosocial outcomes and violence reduction: A systematic review. Injury. 2025;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112181 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39893816/.
  • Li Y-L, Li R-Q, Qiu D, et al. Prevalence of workplace physical violence against health care professionals by patients and visitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1):299. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010299 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31906306.
  • Lockwood-Smith J, Hettiaratchy S, Davenport R, et al. Self-directed violence and unclear intent presentation within a major trauma system. A multisite analysis. Injury. 2025;56(2) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112156 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39823920/.
  • Mueller KL, Kaser TM, Cooper BP, et al. Evaluation of a region-wide hospital-based violence intervention program: A pilot cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2025;doi: 10.7326/annals-24-01576 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40658952/.
  • Workplace violence in healthcare. OSHA; Web Page. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/OSHA3826.pdf.
  • Otachi JK, Robertson H, Okoli CTC. Factors associated with workplace violence among healthcare workers in an academic medical center. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(4):2383-2393. doi: 10.1111/ppc.13072 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35388480/.
  • Sacks CA, Ingelfinger JR, Taichman DB, et al. Nineteen days in America. N Engl J Med. 2022;doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2207552 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675201/.
  • Vo CT, Brooks K, King E. Breaking the cycle: Preventing workplace violence against healthcare workers. J Hosp Med. 2025;doi: 10.1002/jhm.70167 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40975826/.
  • Wholeben M, Goodson A, Cheon H, et al. Enhancing emergency nurses’ forensic care for interpersonal violence survivors: A mixed methods study. J Trauma Nurs. 2025;32(2):70-81. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000837 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40053549/.
  • Wolf LA, Perhats C, Delao A. Educational needs of U.S. emergency nurses related to forensic nursing processes. J Trauma Nurs. 2022;29(1):12-20. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000627 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35007246/.