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Module 4: Thoracic Injuries

Segment 14: Evaluating Vital Signs

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Evaluating vital signs

  • Al Jalbout N, Balhara KS, Hamade B, et al. Shock index as a predictor of hospital admission and inpatient mortality in a US national database of emergency departments. Emerg Med J. 2019;36(5):293-297. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2018-208002 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30910912/.
  • Becker L, Bzhilyanskaya V, Sharman A, et al. Intra-arterial versus noninvasive blood pressure monitoring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Crit Care. 2025;34(4):e6-e23. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2025348 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40583009/.
  • Day DL, Ng K, Huang JB, et al. Comparison of Shock Index with the Assessment of Blood Consumption score for association with massive transfusion during hemorrhage control for trauma. J Trauma Nurs. 2021;28(6):341-349. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000613 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34766927/.
  • Dinçer E, Aköz A, Duman A, et al. Evaluation of peripheral perfusion index in predicting blood product need for trauma patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2025;31(6):525-530. doi: 10.14744/tjtes.2025.65957 Travma hastalarında kan ürünü ihtiyacını öngörmede periferik perfüzyon indeksinin değerlendirilmesi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40511758/.
  • Ho YT, Yang YC, Huang HK, et al. Comparative Performance of Reverse Shock Index Multiplied by Simplified Motor Score (RSI-SMS) and Conventional Indices For Predicting Outcomes in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of A 13-Year Multicenter Prospectively Maintained Trauma Registry. Shock. 2026;66(1):110-123. doi: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002878 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42350913/.
  • Honarmand K, Wax RS, Penoyer D, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration outside the ICU: 2023. Crit Care Med. 2024;52(2):314-330. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006072 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38240510/.
  • Jegerlehner S, Harris T, Mueller M, et al. Association of central capillary refill time with mortality in adult trauma patients: a secondary analysis of the crash-2 randomised controlled trial data. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025;33(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01407-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40355927/.
  • Kim J, Kim S, Lee JH, et al. Beyond blood pressure: a comprehensive overview of clinical indices in shock and tissue hypoperfusion. Acute Crit Care. 2026;41(2):201-212. doi: 10.4266/acc.003425 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42272204/.
  • Lehman L-wH, Saeed M, Talmor D, et al. Methods of blood pressure measurement in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):34-40. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318265ea46 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23269127/.
  • Lin TM, Memon AM, Reeson EA, et al. Shock index identifies compensated shock in the ‘Normotensive’ trauma patient. Injury. 2025:112419. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112419 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40379507/.
  • McCormick T, Haukoos J, Hopkins E, et al. Predictive accuracy of adding shock index to the American College of Surgeons’ minimum criteria for full trauma team activation. Acad Emerg Med. 2022;29(5):561-571. doi: 10.1111/acem.14459 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35138668/.
  • Mitra B, Fitzgerald M, Chan J. The utility of a shock index >/= 1 as an indication for pre-hospital oxygen carrier administration in major trauma. Injury. 2014;45(1):61-5. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.01.010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23391451/.
  • Muller G, Contou D, Ehrmann S, et al. Deferring arterial catheterization in critically ill patients with shock. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(19):1875-1888. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2502136 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41159885/.
  • Mutschler M, Nienaber U, Munzberg M, et al. The Shock Index revisited - a fast guide to transfusion requirement? A retrospective analysis on 21,853 patients derived from the TraumaRegister DGU. Crit Care. 2013;17(4):R172. doi: 10.1186/cc12851 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23938104/.
  • Noor A, Liu M, Jarman A, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound use in hemodynamic assessment. Biomedicines. 2025;13(6) doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13061426 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40564145/.
  • Putowski Z, Teboul JL, Castro R, et al. Can we reliably use pulse pressure as a surrogate for stroke volume? Physiological background and potential clinical implications for shock resuscitation. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05490-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40537864/.
  • Salman S, Laeeque O, Jawaid B, et al. Pulse pressure: A predictor of intervention in blunt abdominal trauma. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e41305. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41305 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37539430/.
  • Saronni S, Mecca G, Rampin C, et al. Shock and Trauma Risk Index Nomogram (STRIN): A bedside physiology-based tool for early-high-acuity care triage in major trauma. Injury. 2026:113214. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113214 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41945030/.
  • Yeh JT, Huang CJ, Lee CW, et al. Agreement between different types of blood pressure monitoring: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2025;doi: 10.7326/annals-24-02142 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825202/.