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Module 4: Thoracic Injuries

Segment 11: Trauma Transfusion

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Trauma transfusion

  • Alley T, Taylor G, Owens A, et al. Whole blood administration: Comparison of in vitro platelet function of pressure bag, pressure bag with fluid warming device, and rapid infuser methods. J Trauma Nurs. 2020;27(6):351-354. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000542 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33156251/.
  • Beecher HK. Preparation of battle casualties for surgery. Ann Surg. 1945;121(6):769-92. doi: 10.1097/00000658-194506000-00001 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17858614/.
  • Blundell J. Experiments on the transfusion of blood by the syringe. Med Chir Trans. 1818;9(Pt 1):56-92. doi: 10.1177/09595287180090p107 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20895353/.
  • Brunskill SJ, Disegna A, Wong H, et al. Blood transfusion strategies for major bleeding in trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;4(4):Cd012635. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012635.pub2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40271704/.
  • Cable CA, Razavi SA, Roback JD, et al. RBC Transfusion Strategies in the ICU: A Concise Review. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(11):1637-1644. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003985 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31449062/.
  • Carmichael SP, Lin N, Evangelista ME, et al. The story of blood for shock resuscitation: How the pendulum swings. J Am Coll Surg. 2021;233(5):644-653. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.08.001 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34390843/.
  • Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, et al. Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;10(10):Cd002042. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41114449/.
  • Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, et al. Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):Cd002042. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34932836/.
  • Cho MS, Sharma S. Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI). StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507846/.
  • Csete M. Prehospital blood transfusion for severe trauma: Translating experience from the military to the civilian setting is not always straightforward. Anesth Analg. 2022;134(4):675-677. doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005780 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299207/.
  • DeBot M, Eitel AP, Moore EE, et al. Blood type O is a risk factor for hyperfibrinolysis and massive transfusion after severe injury. Shock. 2022;58(6):492-497. doi: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36548640/.
  • Dhillon NK, Kwon J, Coimbra R. Fluid resuscitation in trauma: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;98(1):20-29. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004456 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39213260/.
  • Dudaryk R, Heim C, Ruetzler K, et al. Pro–con debate: Prehospital blood transfusion—Should it be adopted for civilian trauma? Anesth Analg. 2022;134(4):678-682. doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005747 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299208/.
  • Finch M, Griffin R, Vance DE, et al. Exploring differences in blood product administration by patient age and injury severity. J Emerg Nurs. 2025;51(6):1192-1198. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2025.06.009 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40762607/.
  • Galbraith CM, Wagener BM, Chalkias A, et al. Massive trauma and resuscitation strategies. Anesthesiol Clin. 2023;41(1):283-301. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2022.10.008 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36872005/.
  • Gelbard RB, Griffin RL, Reynolds L, et al. Over-transfusion with blood for suspected hemorrhagic shock is not associated with worse clinical outcomes. Transfusion. 2022;62(S1):S177-S184. doi: 10.1111/trf.16978 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35753037/.
  • Gianola S, Castellini G, Biffi A, et al. Volume replacement in the resuscitation of trauma patients with acute hemorrhage: An umbrella review. Int J Emerg Med. 2023;16(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s12245-023-00563-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38036955/.
  • Hashmi ZG, Jansen JO, Kerby JD, et al. Nationwide estimates of the need for prehospital blood products after injury. Transfusion. 2022;62(S1):S203-S210. doi: 10.1111/trf.16991 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35753065/.
  • Holcomb J, Hoots W, Polk T. The bloody transfusion problem. JAMA. 2023;doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.18959 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37824108/.
  • Ibrahim W, Meza Monge K, Menzel J, et al. Whole-blood vs component therapy in adult trauma: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2026.0197 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41811314/.
  • Damage control resuscitation. 2018. https://jts.health.mil/index.cfm/PI_CPGs/damage_control.
  • Jones AR, Patel RP, Marques MB, et al. Older blood is associated with increased mortality and adverse events in massively transfused trauma patients: Secondary analysis of the PROPPR trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(6):650-661. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.09.033 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30447946/.
  • Kuhns WJ. Historical milestones: Blood transfusion in the Civil War. Transfusion. 1965;5(1):92-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1965.tb01140.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1537-2995.1965.tb01140.x.
  • Lin VS, Sun E, Yau S, et al. Definitions of massive transfusion in adults with critical bleeding: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):265. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04537-z https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37407998/.
  • Matijevic N, Wang YW, Cotton BA, et al. Better hemostatic profiles of never-frozen liquid plasma compared with thawed fresh frozen plasma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(1):84-90; discussion 90-1. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788e32 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23271081/.
  • Milford EM, Gurney JM, Beckett A, et al. Type-specific whole blood still has a role in the era of low-titer O universal donor transfusion for severe trauma hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(3):e23-e27. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004369 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38764142/.
  • Nicholson H, Scotney N, Briscoe S, et al. Factors that influence the administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) to trauma patients in prehospital settings: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023;13(5):e073075. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073075 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37258083/.
  • Peddle M, Greene A, Trojanowski J, et al. Best practices on blood and blood products for a prehospital hemorrhage protocol: consensus from the 2025 Canadian prehospital transfusion summit. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2026;34(Suppl 1) doi: 10.1186/s13049-026-01630-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42206924/.
  • Pokorny DM, Braverman MA, Edmundson PM, et al. The use of prehospital blood products in the resuscitation of trauma patients: a review of prehospital transfusion practices and a description of our regional whole blood program in San Antonio, TX. ISBT Sci Ser. 2019;14(3):332-342. doi: 10.1111/voxs.12498 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/voxs.12498.
  • Pusateri AE, Moore EE, Moore HB, et al. Association of prehospital plasma transfusion with survival in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock when transport times are longer than 20 minutes: A post hoc analysis of the PAMPer and COMBAT clinical trials. JAMA Surg. 2019:e195085. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5085 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31851290/.
  • Robertson LB. Further observations on the results of blood transfusion in war surgery. Ann Surg. 1918;67(1):1-13. doi: 10.1097/00000658-191801000-00001 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17863834/.
  • Robertson OH. Transfusion with preserved red blood cells. Br Med J. 1918;1(2999):691-5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.2999.691 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20769077/.
  • Schoenfeld DW, Rosen CL, Harris T, et al. Assessing the one-month mortality impact of civilian-setting prehospital transfusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2024;doi: 10.1111/acem.14882 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517320/.
  • Semple JW, McVey MJ, Kim M, et al. Targeting transfusion-related acute lung injury: The journey from basic science to novel therapies. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(5):e452-e458. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002989 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29384784/.
  • Semple JW, Rebetz J, Kapur R. Transfusion-associated circulatory overload and transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood. 2019;133(17):1840-1853. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-860809 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30808638/.
  • Siegal DM, Belley-Côté EP, Lee SF, et al. Small-volume blood collection tubes to reduce transfusions in intensive care: The STRATUS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023;doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.20820 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37824152/.
  • Stansbury LG, Hess JR. Blood transfusion in World War I: The roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the “most important medical advance of the war”. Transfus Med Rev. 2009;23(3):232-236. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19539877/.
  • Vlaar APJ, Dionne JC, de Bruin S, et al. Transfusion strategies in bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2021:1-25. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06531-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34677620/.
  • Voller J, Tobin JM, Cap AP, et al. Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guideline (JTS CPG): Prehospital Blood Transfusion. 30 October 2020. J Spec Oper Med. 2021;21(4):11-21. doi: 10.55460/p685-l7r7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34969121/.
  • Yadav SK, Hussein G, Liu B, et al. A contemporary review of blood transfusion in critically ill patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(8) doi: 10.3390/medicina60081247 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39202529/.
  • Yang L, Slate-Romano J, Marqués CG, et al. Evaluation of blood product transfusion therapies in acute injury care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Injury. 2020;51(7):1468-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.05.007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409189/.
  • Yazer MH, Spinella PC, Bank EA, et al. THOR-AABB Working Party recommendations for a prehospital blood product transfusion program. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021:1-13. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1995089 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34669564/.

Topic: Massive transfusion

  • Arcieri TR, Cobler-Lichter MD, Reyes AM, et al. Female patients receiving massive transfusion are less likely to receive whole blood despite survival benefit. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(4):605-611. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004818 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41649416/.
  • Consunji R, Elseed A, El-Menyar A, et al. The effect of massive transfusion protocol implementation on the survival of trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Transfus. 2020;18(6):434-445. doi: 10.2450/2020.0065-20 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955420/.
  • Crochemore T, Görlinger K, Lance MD. Early goal-directed hemostatic therapy for severe acute bleeding management in the intensive care unit: A narrative review. Anesth Analg. 2023;doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006756 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37977195/.
  • da Luz LT, Karkouti K, Carroll J, et al. Factors in the initial resuscitation of patients with severe trauma: The FiiRST-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(9):e2532702-e2532702. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32702 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40982282/.
  • Day DL, Ng K, Severino R, et al. Seeking a relevant description of major trauma bleeding: Comparison of four major bleeding definitions. J Trauma Nurs. 2024;31(1):7-14. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000762 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38193485/.
  • Grady ZJ, Nguyen J, Meyer CH, et al. Filling the tank: A multicenter investigation of trauma survival after ultramassive transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;99(2):272-278. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004657 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40358603/.
  • Gurney JM, Staudt AM, Holcomb JB, et al. Finding the bleeding edge: 24-hour mortality by unit of blood product transfused in combat casualties from 2002–2020. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95(5):635-641. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004028 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37399037/.
  • Jennings LK, Watson S. Massive transfusion. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763104/.
  • Kay AB, Shughrou S, Majercik S, et al. A balancing act: Evaluating the impact of a massive transfusion response team on early balanced resuscitation in non-traumatic hemorrhage. Am J Surg. 2026;252:116778. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2025.116778 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41406897/.
  • Lu ZN, Grigorian A, Nahmias J, et al. Survival and early ultra-massive transfusion: High red blood cell volumes are not uniformly futile. J Surg Res. 2026;322:79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2026.03.067 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41965212/.
  • Maginot ER, Moore HB, Moore EE, et al. Change in novel plasmin activated clotting time assay predicts hyperfibrinolysis, massive transfusion, and mortality in trauma in under 3 minutes. Am J Surg. 2025;250:116476. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2025.116476 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40517530/.
  • Margolin AM, Silva SG, McLaughlin KET, et al. Massive transfusion protocol adherence: Relationship to trauma patient outcomes. J Trauma Nurs. 2023;30(3):164-170. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000722 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37144807/.
  • Matthay ZA, Hellmann ZJ, Callcut RA, et al. Outcomes after ultramassive transfusion in the modern era: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91(1):24-33. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003121 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34144557/.
  • Meyer CH, Bailey NM, Leslie SL, et al. Defining ultra-massive transfusion through a systematic review. Am J Surg. 2024;228:192-198. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.09.024 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38616968/.
  • Nunes N, Nasef H, Baum S, et al. Transfusion futility thresholds for geriatric trauma with or without concomitant traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Nurs. 2025;32(6):368-377. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000888 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41061745/.
  • Petrosoniak A, Pavenski K, da Luz LT, et al. Massive hemorrhage protocol: A practical approach to the bleeding trauma patient. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2023;41(1):51-69. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.09.010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36424044/.
  • Ramsey WA, O’Neil CFJ, Fils AJ, et al. Improved survival for severely injured patients receiving massive transfusion at US teaching hospitals: A nationwide analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;94(5):672-677. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003895 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36749659/.
  • Thomas SJ, Patel VS, Schmitt CP, et al. The effect of heterogeneous definitions of massive transfusion on using blood component thresholds to predict futility in severely bleeding trauma patients. J Clin Med. 2025;14(15):5426. doi: 10.3390/jcm14155426 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807047/.
  • Van Gent JM, Clements TW, Rosario-Rivera BL, et al. The inability to predict futility in hemorrhaging trauma patients using 4-hour transfusion volumes and rates. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;98(2):236-242. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004541 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39760660/.

Topic: Component therapy

  • Primer of Blood Administration. AABB; 2018. https://www.aabb.org/aabb-store/product/primer-of-blood-administration-(2018)-14216181.
  • Abuelazm M, Rezq H, Mahmoud A, et al. The efficacy and safety of pre-hospital plasma in patients at risk for hemorrhagic shock: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;doi: 10.1007/s00068-024-02461-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38367091/.
  • Backholer L, Green L, Huish S, et al. A paired comparison of thawed and liquid plasma. Transfusion. 2017;57(4):881-889. doi: 10.1111/trf.13915 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27882572/.
  • Burt T, Guilliam A, Cole E, et al. Effect of early administration of fibrinogen replacement therapy in traumatic haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with narrative synthesis of observational studies. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05269-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39875966/.
  • Cardenas JC, Zhang X, Fox EE, et al. Platelet transfusions improve hemostasis and survival in a substudy of the prospective, randomized PROPPR trial. Blood Adv. 2018;2(14):1696-1704. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018017699 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30030268/.
  • Chehab M, Ditillo M, Obaid O, et al. Never-frozen liquid plasma transfusion in civilian trauma: a nationwide propensity-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91(1):200-205. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003116 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33605695/.
  • Crombie N, Doughty HA, Bishop JRB, et al. Resuscitation with blood products in patients with trauma-related haemorrhagic shock receiving prehospital care (RePHILL): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(4):e250-e261. doi: 10.1016/s2352-3026(22)00040-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271808/.
  • D’Alessandro A, Moore HB, Moore EE, et al. Plasma-first resuscitation reduces lactate acidosis, enhances redox homeostasis, amino acid and purine catabolism in a rat model of profound hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2016;46(2):173-82. doi: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000588 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26863033/.
  • Davenport R, Curry N, Fox EE, et al. Early and empirical high-dose cryoprecipitate for hemorrhage after traumatic injury: The CRYOSTAT-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023;doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.21019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37824155/.
  • Disharoon D, Rohiwal S, Hernandez S, et al. Biosynthetic blood surrogates: Current status and future opportunities. Bioeng Transl Med. 2025;10(6):e70084. doi: 10.1002/btm2.70084 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41244334/.
  • Ditillo M, Hanna K, Castanon L, et al. The role of cryoprecipitate in massively transfused patients: Results from the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database may change your mind. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(2):336-343. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002764 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32355101/.
  • Dorken Gallastegi A, Naar L, Gaitanidis A, et al. Do not forget the platelets: The independent impact of red blood cell to platelet ratio on mortality in massively transfused trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(1):21-29. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003598 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35313325/.
  • Dorken-Gallastegi A, Bokenkamp M, Argandykov D, et al. Optimal dose of cryoprecipitate in massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(1):137-144. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004060 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37335138/.
  • Ellington M, Barnard E, Green L, et al. Dried Plasma - Where Are We and Where Next? Transfus Med Rev. 2025;39(4):150931. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2025.150931 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41232407/.
  • Endo A, Senda A, Otomo Y, et al. Clinical benefits of early concurrent use of cryoprecipitate and plasma compared with plasma only in bleeding trauma patients. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(10):1477-1485. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005596 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35759689/.
  • Fabiano G, Pinedo-Villanueva R, Kirtley S, et al. Substantial international variation in the cost of blood group and save and crossmatch: A systematic review. Br J Haematol. 2026;208(4):1196-1206. doi: 10.1111/bjh.70370 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41733362/.
  • Garrigue D, Godier A, Glacet A, et al. French lyophilized plasma versus fresh frozen plasma for the initial management of trauma-induced coagulopathy: a randomized open-label trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;doi: 10.1111/jth.13929 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29274254/.
  • Guyette FX, Sperry JL, Peitzman AB, et al. Prehospital blood product and crystalloid resuscitation in the severely injured patient: A secondary analysis of the Prehospital Air Medical Plasma Trial. Ann Surg. 2021;273(2):358-364. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003324 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30998533/.
  • Hayes MM, Uhl L. To transfuse or not transfuse: an intensive appraisal of red blood cell transfusions in the ICU. Curr Opin Hematol. 2018;25(6):468-472. doi: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000460 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30281035/.
  • Heddle NM, Cook RJ, Arnold DM, et al. Effect of short-term vs. long-term blood storage on mortality after transfusion. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(20):1937-1945. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1609014 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27775503/.
  • Hess AS, White SK, Crowe EP, et al. The clinical use of cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate: A scoping review. Transfusion. 2026;doi: 10.1111/trf.70255 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42157610/.
  • Hrebinko KA, Sperry JL, Guyette FX, et al. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of prehospital plasma transfusion in unstable trauma patients: A secondary analysis of the PAMPer trial. JAMA Surg. 2021;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.4529 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34550318/.
  • Hynes AM, Cannon JW, Yan R, et al. Do not forget the cryoprecipitate: The impact of the 2019 Joint Trauma System Damage Control Resuscitation Clinical Practice Guideline on mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(2):242-252. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004862 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41589734/.
  • Ibrahim W, Meza Monge K, Menzel J, et al. Whole-blood vs component therapy in adult trauma: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2026.0197 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41811314/.
  • Jost D, Lemoine S, Lemoine F, et al. Prehospital lyophilized plasma transfusion for trauma-induced coagulopathy in patients at risk for hemorrhagic shock: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(7):e2223619-e2223619. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23619 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881397/.
  • Killinger JR, Alsaadi N, Luther JF, et al. Platelet function assays fail to detect differences between transfusion of cold or room temperature platelets in traumatic brain injury patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(4):555-561. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004894 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41575197/.
  • Kleinveld DJB, van Amstel RBE, Wirtz MR, et al. Platelet-to-red blood cell ratio and mortality in bleeding trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2021;61 Suppl 1:S243-s251. doi: 10.1111/trf.16455 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269443/.
  • Melanson VR, Hershfield JR, Deegan MK, et al. Artificial blood development implications for military medicine. J Spec Oper Med. 2023;doi: 10.55460/ovop-v2qc https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37253155/.
  • Metcalf RA, Nahirniak S, Guyatt G, et al. Platelet transfusion: 2025 AABB and ICTMG international clinical practice guidelines. JAMA. 2025;doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.7529 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40440268/.
  • Mitra B, Dean A, Bourke E, et al. Pre-hospital red cell transfusion and patient outcomes after trauma. Trauma. 2026;28(1):38-43. doi: 10.1177/14604086251402960 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086251402960.
  • Mitra B, Meadley B, Bernard S, et al. Pre-hospital freeze-dried plasma for critical bleeding after trauma: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2023;doi: 10.1111/acem.14745 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37103482/.
  • Mok G, Hoang R, Khan MW, et al. Freeze-dried plasma for major trauma – Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;90(3):589-602. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003012 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33507025/.
  • Moore HB, Moore EE, Chapman MP, et al. Plasma-first resuscitation to treat haemorrhagic shock during emergency ground transportation in an urban area: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10144):283-291. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31553-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30032977/.
  • Nguyen C, Bordes J, Cungi PJ, et al. Use of French lyophilized plasma transfusion in severe trauma patients is associated with an early plasma transfusion and early transfusion ratio improvement. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;84(5):780-785. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001801 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29334571/.
  • Noordin SS, Karim FA, Mohammad WMZBW, et al. Coagulation factor activities change over 5 days in thawed fresh frozen plasma stored at different initial storage temperatures. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2018;34(3):510-516. doi: 10.1007/s12288-017-0879-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30127563.
  • Obaid O, Anand T, Nelson A, et al. Fibrinogen supplementation for the trauma patient: Should you choose fibrinogen concentrate over cryoprecipitate? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(4):453-460. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003728 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35838235/.
  • Peddle M, Trojanowski J, Nolan B. The role of freeze-dried plasma in a world of whole blood: a Canadian prehospital and transport perspective. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2026;34(Suppl 1) doi: 10.1186/s13049-026-01629-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42135805/.
  • Pène F, Russell L, Aubron C. Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit: diagnosis and management. Ann Intensive Care. 2025;15(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13613-025-01447-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39985745/.
  • Peng HT, Singh K, Rhind SG, et al. Dried plasma for major trauma: Past, present, and future. Life (Basel). 2024;14(5) doi: 10.3390/life14050619 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38792640/.
  • Polk TM, Gurney JM, Riggs LE, et al. Dried plasma: An urgent priority for trauma readiness. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95(2S Suppl 1):S4-s6. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004073 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37277904/.
  • Prifti V, Dion PM, Beckett A, et al. Dried plasma for trauma resuscitation: from Canadian Armed Forces to civilian prehospital and rural settings. CMAJ 2025;197(30):E953-e956. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.250648 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40953888/.
  • Reade MC, Marks DC, Howe B, et al. Cryopreserved platelets compared with liquid-stored platelets for the treatment of surgical bleeding: protocol for two multicentre randomised controlled blinded non-inferiority trials (the CLIP-II and CLIPNZ-II trials). BMJ Open. 2022;12(12):e068933. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068933 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36600425/.
  • Reade MC, Marks DC, Howe BD, et al. Cryopreserved vs. liquid-stored platelets for the treatment of surgical bleeding: The CLIP-II randomized noninferiority clinical trial. JAMA. 2026;335(7):600-608. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.23355 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41360717/.
  • Reitz KM, Moore HB, Guyette FX, et al. Prehospital plasma in injured patients is associated with survival principally in blunt injury: Results from two randomized prehospital plasma trials. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(1):33-41. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002485 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31524836/.
  • Rossetto A, Reynolds J, Ykema E, et al. Postresuscitation platelet transfusion in major trauma patients. Transfusion. 2025;doi: 10.1111/trf.18414 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40968691/.
  • Shah A, Klein AA, Agarwal S, et al. Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: the use of blood components and their alternatives 2024. Anaesthesia. 2025;doi: 10.1111/anae.16542 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39781579/.
  • Skallsjö G, Wikman A, Wessman C, et al. Prehospital treatment with dried plasma in patients with major bleeding—A prospective randomised controlled multicentre trial: Statistical analysis protocol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2025;69(9):e70120. doi: 10.1111/aas.70120 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40910602/.
  • Sperry JL, Guyette FX, Rosario-Rivera BL, et al. Early cold-stored platelet transfusion following severe injury: A randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2024;280(2):212-221. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006317 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38708880/.
  • Srinivasan AJ, Secunda ZA, Mota-Alvidrez RI, et al. Platelet-inspired synthetic nanoparticles improve hemostasis and hemodynamics in a rabbit model of abdominal hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(1):101-108. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003938 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38057963/.
  • Van Gent JM, Clements TW, Gurney JM, et al. Where does cryoprecipitate fit into balanced resuscitation? An evaluation of 2,117 hemorrhaging patients using viscoelastic-based resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025;99(1):73-78. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004643 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40249632/.

Topic: Whole blood

  • Arcieri TR, Cobler-Lichter MD, Reyes AM, et al. Female patients receiving massive transfusion are less likely to receive whole blood despite survival benefit. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;100(4):605-611. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004818 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41649416/.
  • Bahr M, Cap AP, Dishong D, et al. Practical considerations for a military whole blood program. Mil Med. 2020;doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz466 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32350539/.
  • Barton CA, Oetken HJ, Hall NL, et al. Whole blood versus balanced resuscitation in massive hemorrhage: Six of one or half dozen of the other? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):703-709. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004366 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38685202/.
  • Black JA, Pierce VS, Kerby JD, et al. The evolution of blood transfusion in the trauma patient: Whole blood has come full circle. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(2):215-220. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-3402426 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31887756/.
  • Braverman MA, Smith A, Pokorny D, et al. Prehospital whole blood reduces early mortality in patients with hemorrhagic shock. Transfusion. 2021;61(S1):S15-S21. doi: 10.1111/trf.16528 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269467/.
  • Brigmon EP, Cirone J, Harrell K, et al. Walking blood bank: A plan to ensure self-sufficiency in an era of blood shortage. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2024;9(Suppl 1):e001151. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001151 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38196930/.
  • Campbell A, Atiya W, Attia A, et al. Analysis of outcomes after whole blood transfusion vs balanced component therapy. J Am Coll Surg. 2025;241(4):695-702. doi: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000001440 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40377281/.
  • Crowe E, DeSantis SM, Bonnette A, et al. Whole blood transfusion versus component therapy in trauma resuscitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2020;1(4):633-641. doi: 10.1002/emp2.12089 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33000082/.
  • Dilday J, Gallagher S, Matsushima K, et al. Mechanism matters: Differential benefits of cold-stored whole blood for trauma resuscitation from a prospective multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):731-737. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004353 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38764140/.
  • Feinberg GJ, Tillman AC, Paiva ML, et al. Maintaining a whole blood-centered transfusion improves survival in hemorrhagic resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;96(5):749-756. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004222 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38146960/.
  • Fisher AD, Miles EA, Broussard MA, et al. Low titer group O whole blood resuscitation: Military experience from the point of injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(4):834-841. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002863 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33017137/.
  • García AF, Caicedo Y, Gempeler A, et al. Transfusion of modified whole blood versus blood components therapy in patients with severe trauma: Randomized controlled trial protocol (WEBSTER trial). Injury. 2025;56(5):112173. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112173 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40087111/.
  • Gaspary MJ, Kyle AI, Lawson SM, et al. Obstacles to an effective low-titer O walking blood bank: A deployed unit’s experience. Mil Med. 2021;186(1-2):e137-e142. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usaa236 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33005938/.
  • Gurney JM, Staudt AM, Del Junco DJ, et al. Determining resuscitation outcomes in combat casualties: Design of the Deployed Hemostatic Emergency Resuscitation of Traumatic Exsanguinating Shock (Deployed HEROES) study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003681 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35545800/.
  • Gurney JM, Staudt AM, del Junco DJ, et al. Whole blood at the tip of the spear: A retrospective cohort analysis of warm fresh whole blood resuscitation versus component therapy in severely injured combat casualties. Surgery. 2022;171(2):518-525. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.05.051 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34253322/.
  • Guyette FX, Zenati M, Triulzi DJ, et al. Prehospital low titer group O whole blood is feasible and safe: Results of a prospective randomized pilot trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;92(5):839-847. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003551 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35081595/.
  • Hall AB, Qureshi I, Wilson R, et al. Whole blood administration within USCENTCOM. Trauma. 2023;26(2):159-166. doi: 10.1177/14604086231152326 https://doi.org/10.1177/14604086231152326.
  • Hanna M, Knittel J, Gillihan J. The use of whole blood transfusion in trauma. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2022;12(2):234-239. doi: 10.1007/s40140-021-00514-w https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35069017/.
  • Hashmi ZG, Chehab M, Nathens AB, et al. Whole truths but half the blood: Addressing the gap between the evidence and practice of pre-hospital and in-hospital blood product use for trauma resuscitation. Transfusion. 2021;61 Suppl 1:S348-s353. doi: 10.1111/trf.16515 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34086349/.
  • Hatton GE, Brill JB, Tang B, et al. Patients with both traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock benefit from resuscitation with whole blood. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004110 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37506356/.
  • Hazelton JP, Ssentongo AE, Oh JS, et al. Use of cold-stored whole blood is associated with improved mortality in hemostatic resuscitation of major bleeding: A multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2022;276(4):579-588. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005603 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35848743/.
  • Holcomb JB, Spinella PC, Apelseth TO, et al. Civilian walking blood bank emergency preparedness plan. Transfusion. 2021;61(S1):S313-S325. doi: 10.1111/trf.16458 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269450/.
  • Ibrahim W, Meza Monge K, Menzel J, et al. Whole-blood vs component therapy in adult trauma: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2026.0197 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41811314/.
  • Jones AR, Miller JL, Jansen JO, et al. Whole blood for resuscitation of traumatic hemorrhagic shock in adults. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2021;43(4):344-354. doi: 10.1097/tme.0000000000000376 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34699424/.
  • Knittel J, Gillihan JR. Current Clinical Implications of Whole Blood in Trauma Resuscitation. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2026;16(1):12. doi: 10.1007/s40140-026-00719-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140-026-00719-x.
  • Lammers D, Betzold R, McClellan J, et al. Quantifying the benefit of whole blood on mortality in trauma patients requiring emergent laparotomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):747-752. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004382 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38689383/.
  • Leeper CM, Yazer MH, Neal MD. Whole-blood resuscitation of injured patients: Innovating from the past. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(8):771-772. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0811 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32401295/.
  • Malone JR. Ethical considerations in the use of RhD-positive blood products in trauma. Transfusion. 2024;64 Suppl 2:S4-s10. doi: 10.1111/trf.17787 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38491917/.
  • Marsh A, Schwartz R, Harfouche M, et al. Crossing the thin RED line: where have we been and where should we go with whole blood? Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(Suppl 3):e001594. doi: 10.1136/tsaco-2024-001594 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40365373/.
  • McCoy CC, Brenner M, Duchesne J, et al. Back to the future: Whole blood resuscitation of the severely injured trauma patient. Shock. 2021;56(1s):9-15. doi: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001685 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33122511/.
  • Meizoso JP, Cotton BA, Lawless RA, et al. Whole blood resuscitation for injured patients requiring transfusion: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(3):460-470. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004327 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38531812/.
  • Morgan KM, Abou Khalil E, Feeney EV, et al. The efficacy of low-titer group O whole blood compared with component therapy in civilian trauma patients: A meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2024:10.1097/CCM.0000000000006244. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006244 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38483205/.
  • Nolan B, Schellenberg M, Ball CG, et al. Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery: a critical appraisal of whole blood resuscitation in injured patients. Can J Surg. 2025;68(3):E271-e273. doi: 10.1503/cjs.009924 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40533254/.
  • O’Hollearn S, Schaefer R, DuBose C, et al. Low-titer O-positive whole blood: Lessons from the battlefield for civilian rural hospitals. Crit Care Nurse. 2024;44(5):48-52. doi: 10.4037/ccn2024734 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39348928/.
  • Raetz E, Wampler D, Greebon L, et al. Prehospital whole blood administration not associated with increased transfusion reactions: The experience of a metropolitan EMS agency. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2026;30(1):169-173. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2025.2464247 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39946294/.
  • Rajesh A, Barry L, Giersch C, et al. Prehospital whole blood transfusion improves probability of survival over transfusion within one hour of arrival to a trauma center. Am J Surg. 2025;250:116530. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2025.116530 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40714718/.
  • Rajesh A, Barry L, Limon D, et al. Aggressive calcium chloride dosing reduces early mortality in trauma patients receiving whole blood resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005009 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41995161/.
  • Risha M, Alotaibi A, Smith S, et al. Does early transfusion of cold-stored whole blood reduce the need for component therapy in civilian trauma patients? A systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(5):822-829. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004429 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327655/.
  • Shackelford SA, Gurney JM, Taylor AL, et al. Joint Trauma System, Defense Committee on Trauma, and Armed Services Blood Program consensus statement on whole blood. Transfusion. 2021;61 Suppl 1:S333-s335. doi: 10.1111/trf.16454 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269445/.
  • Shea SM, Mihalko EP, Lu L, et al. Doing more with less: low-titer group O whole blood resulted in less total transfusions and an independent association with survival in adults with severe traumatic hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost. 2024;22(1):140-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.09.025 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37797692/.
  • Smith JE, Cardigan R, Sanderson E, et al. Prehospital whole blood in traumatic hemorrhage—A randomized controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 2026;doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2516043 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841706/.
  • Sperry JL, Guyette FX, Cotton BA, et al. Prehospital resuscitation with type O whole blood for trauma and hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2026;doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2602167 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42150044/.
  • Stettler GR, Warner R, Bouldin B, et al. Whole blood for old blood: Use of whole blood for resuscitation in older trauma patients. Injury. 2025;56(1) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111758 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39098571/.
  • Torres CM, Jenkins D, Sakran JV. Whole-Blood Transfusion From Empiricism to Evidence: A Narrative Review. JAMA Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2026.2574 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42418186/.
  • Torres CM, Kent A, Scantling D, et al. Association of whole blood with survival among patients presenting with severe hemorrhage in US and Canadian adult civilian trauma centers. JAMA Surg. 2023;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.6978 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36652255/.
  • Torres CM, Kenzik KM, Saillant NN, et al. Timing to first whole blood transfusion and survival following severe hemorrhage in trauma patients. JAMA Surg. 2024;doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.7178 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38294820/.
  • Widd E, Munoz C, Tsuruta K, et al. The resurgence of whole blood transfusion: Evaluating microcirculatory evidence in hemorrhagic trauma care: A review. Transfus Apher Sci. 2026;65(4):104471. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2026.104471 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42296725/.
  • Yu E, Katsura M, Braschi C, et al. Sex differences in outcomes following whole blood transfusion for patients with severe hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41995184/.

Topic: 1:1:1 transfusion

  • Anand T SH, Ratnasekera A, Tran ML, Huckeby R, Butts L, Stejskal I, Magnotti LJ, Joseph B. Rethinking balanced resuscitation in trauma. J. Clin. Med. 2025;14:2111. doi: 10.3390/jcm14062111 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40142918/.
  • Carson J, Stansworth S, Guyatt G. Red blood cell transfusion: 2023 AABB international guidelines. JAMA. 2023;doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.12914 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37824153/.
  • Clements TW, Williams J, Cannon J, et al. When does 1:1 resuscitation really matter? An analysis of 4,858 patients from four traumatic hemorrhage studies. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005037 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42047640/.
  • Coaston TN, Vadlakonda A, Mallick S, et al. Inter-hospital variation in transfusion practices for severe trauma. Injury. 2026;57(1):112630. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112630 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40744781/.
  • da Luz LT, Shah PS, Strauss R, et al. Does the evidence support the importance of high transfusion ratios of plasma and platelets to red blood cells in improving outcomes in severely injured patients: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Transfusion. 2019;59(11):3337-3349. doi: 10.1111/trf.15540 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31614006/.
  • Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(5):471-82. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25647203/.
  • Hynes AM, Westein RJ, Turner TJ, et al. Fresh frozen plasma-first approach is independently associated with improved survival in severely injured patients undergoing massive transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000005093 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42275580/.
  • Jones AR, Frazier SK. Association of blood component ratio with clinical outcomes in patients after trauma and massive transfusion: A systematic review. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2016;38(2):157-68. doi: 10.1097/tme.0000000000000103 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27139137/.
  • Kay AB, Shughrou S, Majercik S, et al. A balancing act: Evaluating the impact of a massive transfusion response team on early balanced resuscitation in non-traumatic hemorrhage. Am J Surg. 2026;252:116778. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2025.116778 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41406897/.
  • Kleinveld DJB, van Amstel RBE, Wirtz MR, et al. Platelet-to-red blood cell ratio and mortality in bleeding trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2021;61 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S243-s251. doi: 10.1111/trf.16455 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269443/.
  • Mehl SC, Vogel AM, Glasgow AE, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of high versus low ratio plasma to red blood cell resuscitation in a multi-institutional cohort of severely injured children. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(3):452-459. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004301 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38497936/. PEDS
  • Meyer C, Grady Z, Smith R, et al. Does the 1:1:1 transfusion ratio mortality benefit hold true in ultra-massive transfusion? A study from the PRODUCT (Patient-Related Outcomes During Ultra-Massive Transfusion) multicenter trial consortium. Am Surg. 2025;0(0):00031348251358431. doi: 10.1177/00031348251358431 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40614227/.
  • Mitra B, Reade MC, Bernard S, et al. High ratio of plasma to red cells in contemporary resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock after trauma: a secondary analysis of the PATCH-trauma trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025;33(1):154. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01476-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41039456/.
  • Ngatuvai M, Zagales I, Sauder M, et al. Outcomes of transfusion with whole blood, component therapy, or both in adult civilian trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Res. 2023;287:193-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36947979/.
  • Rijnhout TWH, Noorman F, Tan ECTH, et al. Platelet to erythrocyte ratio and mortality in massively transfused trauma patients. Injury. 2025;56(1) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.112021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39580330/.
  • Risa EL, Loudon AM, Pawar OS, et al. High fresh frozen plasma to packed red blood cell ratios are associated with lower rates of acute kidney injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Trauma Quality Improvement Program: A propensity score-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026;doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004899 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636705/.