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Module 1: The Trauma Care Spectrum

Segment 2: Trauma Triage Criteria

References labeled PEDS contain a pediatric element or primary focus.

Topic: Trauma patient criteria

  • Ahmad S, Ahmad N, Dong Z. Understanding the key correlates of post-crash clinical indicators and outcomes in road traffic crashes. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113376.
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  • Garrido Callén A, Pérez Torres M, Vasco Castaño D, et al. Trauma team activation criteria for potential major trauma in the adult population: a narrative review. Emerg Criti Care Med. 2024;4(4):163-173. doi: 10.1097/ec9.0000000000000136 https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2024/12000/trauma_team_activation_criteria_for_potential.5.aspx.
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  • Höke MH, Usul E, Özkan S. Comparison of trauma severity scores (ISS, NISS, RTS, BIG score, and TRISS) in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma Nurs. 2021;28(2):100-106. doi: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000567 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33667204/.
  • Johnston TJ, Filiberto DM, DePhillips PB, et al. Assessing the performance of the updated 2021 Field Triage Guidelines with the Need for Trauma Intervention (NFTI) metric. Am J Surg. 2026;252:116729. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2025.116729 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41330091/.
  • Lecky F, Woodford M, Edwards A, et al. Trauma scoring systems and databases. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(2):286-94. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu242 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25038159/.
  • Lefering R, Huber-Wagner S, Bouillon B, et al. Cross-validation of two prognostic trauma scores in severely injured patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021;47(6):1837-1845. doi: 10.1007/s00068-020-01373-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32322925/.
  • Li W, Mok G, Nolan B. Pre-hospital trauma triage: Outcomes of interfacility transferred trauma patients meeting pre-hospital triage criteria. Trauma. 2022;0(0):14604086211064447. doi: 10.1177/14604086211064447 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14604086211064447.
  • Lupton JR, Davis-O’Reilly C, Jungbauer RM, et al. Mechanism of injury and special considerations as predictive of serious injury: A systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2022;doi: 10.1111/acem.14489 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35319149/.
  • Mukhi A, Chalil Madathil S, Singer AJ, et al. A Simple Risk Assessment Tool for Older Adult Trauma Patients-Silver Trauma Score. J Surg Res. 2026;326:341-351. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2026.06.011 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42447717/.
  • Newgard CD, Fischer PE, Gestring M, et al. National guideline for the field triage of injured patients: Recommendations of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, 2021. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021:50. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003627 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35475939/.
  • Noonan M, O’Reilly G, Balogh ZJ, et al. A pragmatic clinical definition of traumatic shock using systolic blood pressure and shock index: A national registry study. Injury. 2026;57(10) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113613 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113613.
  • Saznaghi FH, Hakimi H, Alizadeh A, et al. Comparative Performance of CRAMS, RTS, NISS, and ESI Scores in Predicting 24-Hour Mortality in Adult Multi-Trauma Patients: A Prospective Study. Injury. 2026;doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113605 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113605.
  • Schatz A, Osterhoff G, Joeres F, et al. Data exchange between ambulance and trauma center: Interview study about the needs of emergency trauma room staff. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2023;301:115-120. doi: 10.3233/SHTI230022 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37172163/.
  • Schuh JM, Tomas CW, Kallies KJ, et al. Injury across the lifespan: Comparing pediatric and adult injury patterns in the home and the community. Injury. 2025;57(2):112925. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112925 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41518851/.
  • Tolich A, Dicker B, Howie G, et al. Prehospital national early warning score outperforms shock index in predicting mortality and resource utilisation in adult trauma: A systematic review. Injury. 2026;57(10) doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113598 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2026.113598.
  • Travis HJ, Platt B, Muramoto SG, et al. Does vehicle intrusion alone still predict injury? A retrospective analysis of mechanism as trauma activation criteria. Am Surg. 2023:31348231161703. doi: 10.1177/00031348231161703 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36896829/.
  • Wake E, McPaul A, Forbes J, et al. Trauma activation criterion as predictors of major traumatic injuries: A systematic review. Injury. 2025;56(8):112596. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112596 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40683057/.